Sentences with phrase «surface land based»

Whether this increase in instantaneous heat production shows up in near surface land based temperature measuring data sets or not, I don't know.

Not exact matches

The land - based anti-ship cruise missiles, designated as YJ - 12B, allow China to strike surface vessels within 295 nautical miles of the reefs.

These are land - based missiles (usually ballistic missiles but sometimes cruise missiles), submarine - launched missiles (SLBMs), and weapons carried by aircraft (usually bombers but sometimes air - to - surface cruise missiles loaded on fighters or fighter - bombers).

The satellite - based record of land surface maximum temperatures, scientists have found, provides a sensitive global thermometer that links bulk shifts in maximum temperatures with ecosystem change and human well - being.

The authors also found that surface temperatures in the Arctic are more sensitive to the amount of sea ice than to the amount of land - based ice.

They estimated that land - use changes in the continental United States since the 1960s have resulted in a rise in the mean surface temperature of 0.25 degree Fahrenheit, a figure Kalnay says «is at least twice as high as previous estimates based on urbanization alone.»

The study, called «Modeling the effects of adopting agroforestry on basin scale surface runoff and sediment yield in the Philippines,» uses a computer - based Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to simulate the effects of different land uses on watershed hydrology and the ecosystem services provided by the Gabayan watershed.

Eggs of many land - based tardigrades have bumps, spines, filaments and such, presumably to help attach to a surface, says species codiscoverer Kazuharu Arakawa.

For example, a study by Vasilis Fthenakis and Hung Chul Kim of Columbia University (2009) found that, on a life - cycle electricity - output basis — including direct and indirect land transformation — utility - scale PV in the U.S. Southwest requires less land than the average U.S. power plant using surface - mined coal.

The P - 3 Orion, based at NASA's Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia, will carry IceBridge's most comprehensive instrument suite: a scanning laser altimeter that measures surface elevation, three types of radar systems to study ice layers and the bedrock underneath the ice sheet, a high - resolution camera to create color maps of polar ice, and infrared cameras to measure surface temperatures of sea and land ice.

Smith, T.M. and R.W. Reynolds, 2005: A global merged land air and sea surface temperature reconstruction based on historical observations (1880 - 1997), J. Clim., 18, 2021 - 2036.

The maps below represent precipitation percent of normal (left) and precipitation percentiles (right) based on the GHCN dataset of land surface stations using a base period of 1961 — 1990.

«Moreover, our estimate of 0.27 C mean surface warming per century due to land - use changes is at least twice as high as previous estimates based on urbanization alone7, 8.»

I used was the surface temperature responses from histAll --(histGHG + histNatural) to obtain the response to aerosols + ozone + land - use and derive the enhancement of the response for that case relative to WMGHGs that I called E. Calculation of TCR based on histAll in a model is approximately the same as calculating the sum of responses to histGHG, histNat, and histInhomogeneous where the latter includes the factor E.

«The reason for the layering is that global warming in parts of Antarctica is causing land - based ice to melt, adding massive amounts of freshwater to the ocean surface,» said ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science researcher Prof Matthew England an author of the paper.

They wrote that their comparisons of sea - level pressures, sea - surface temperatures and land - based air temperatures provided «consistent evidence for strong» regulation of temperatures by changes in ocean cycles «from monthly to century time scales.»

For example, when a mildly polar hydrocarbon - based monolayer is used, the soft landed 3 + gold clusters gain up to three electrons from the surface, thereby becoming neutral.

The climate in most places has undergone minor changes over the past 200 years, and the land - based surface temperature record of the past 100 years exhibits warming trends in many places.

Even more crustal minerals were formed by plate tectonics with the help of lubricating ocean water, atmospheric oxygen from the successful development of photosynthetic microbes, and land - based lichens (of algae and fungi) and mosses which were followed by deep - rooted plants that hastened the erosion and weathering of surface rocks with the help of biochemical action and the creation of soils as well as new clay minerals.

Evaluating land surface albedo estimation from Landsat MSS, TM, ETM +, and OLI data based on the unified direct estimation approach Dating: Dating, in geology, determining a chronology or calendar of events in the history of Earth, using to a large degree the evidence of organic

In addition to water activities on and below the surface of the Caribbean Sea, you can enjoy a variety of land - based activities.

The weather is a little inconsistent outside of these times, so much so that many operators (even land - based) cease diving in the area as surface conditions can really kick up.

When landing on the surface you'll need to discover the Drop Zone in order to unlock fast travel, and optional boss fights and enemy bases can be found.

Rising Empires Premium is an epic 4X turn - based strategy game in a fantasy setting, where six races compete for control of all the land on the Surface and in the Netherworld.

Other factors would include: — albedo shifts (both from ice > water, and from increased biological activity, and from edge melt revealing more land, and from more old dust coming to the surface...); — direct effect of CO2 on ice (the former weakens the latter); — increasing, and increasingly warm, rain fall on ice; — «stuck» weather systems bringing more and more warm tropical air ever further toward the poles; — melting of sea ice shelf increasing mobility of glaciers; — sea water getting under parts of the ice sheets where the base is below sea level; — melt water lubricating the ice sheet base; — changes in ocean currents -LRB-?)

But in order for the air to reach the cloud base where condensation begins, the air has to be lifted from the sea surface (or an evapotranspiring land surface.)

Second, as Gavin pointed out, the land - ocean temperature index tends to underestimate the truth because it's based on sea surface temperature rather than air temperature, while the meteorological - station index temperature tends to overestimate the truth because land warms faster than ocean.

This was expanded by J. Norris, 2005 in time, back to 1952 for sea level clouds and 1971 for land based clouds, and in latitude by surface based cloud observations.

How to avoid problems with most land - based temperature weather stations: Use lighthouses as thermometers for accurate and unbiased measurement of surface air temperature.

The AARI data include drifting stations and ice information, although not the majority (my fault to see that as «main»), that means that the difference between only land based and total is in warmer sea surface temperatures.

«The average global temperature anomaly for combined land and ocean surfaces for July (based on preliminary data) was 1.1 degrees F (0.6 degrees C) above the 1880 - 2004 long - term mean.

Vegetation growth at Earth's northern latitudes increasingly resembles lusher latitudes to the south, according to a NASA - funded study based on a 30 - year record of land surface and newly improved satellite data sets.

So, in looking at the chart, I note that the orange line (HadISST) is based on sea - surface temperature observations, while the three other lines are (various GISS - E2 - R runs) are land - and - sea model outputs.

Another facet of the reports on Victoria's taxpayers» heroism is that the demands on surface area are far from negligible, at 800 treefree ha for the solar (to match output from a 1600 MW nuclear, multiply that to 16,600 ha; the wind farm will require tree free land of 27,500 ha on the same basis.

The evidence is «equivocal» because it does not agree with limited land based observation of cloud — something that may be a little shortsighted as these changes seem significantly to be associated with sea surface temperature in the tropics and the influences of the northern and southern annular modes.

«Global surface temperature trends, based on land and marine data, show warming of about 0.8 deg C over the last 100 years.

Kevin Cowtan appears to have discovered that «modeled» «surface» temperature isn't comparable to the «observed» «surface» temperature since the «observed» is a combination of land based (Tmax + Tmin) / 2 and SST measured somewhere between the surface and a few meters below the surface.

According to Saha et al. (2010), for land - surface analysis, the model - generated precipitation is replaced by the a mix of observation - based (CMAP and CPCU) and model - generated precipitation as forcing data.

But I think that the various anomaly time series with a common time base and the absolute temperature added back into the respective anomaly time series, would clearly expose the denier BIG LIE since it has become quite obvious that the satellite and land surface datasets, while interesting to compare (given we only see anomaly time series comparisons) are in fact measuring two entirely different sets of temperatures (surface vs a few KM above the surface).

Based on evidence from Earth's history, we suggest here that the relevant form of climate sensitivity in the Anthropocene (e.g. from which to base future greenhouse gas (GHG) stabilization targets) is the Earth system sensitivity including fast feedbacks from changes in water vapour, natural aerosols, clouds and sea ice, slower surface albedo feedbacks from changes in continental ice sheets and vegetation, and climate — GHG feedbacks from changes in natural (land and ocean) carbon sinks.

Liang, X., D. P. Lettenmaier, E. F. Wood, and S. J. Burges, 1994: A simple hydrologically based model of land - surface water and energy fluxes for general - circulation models.

Surface warming: «Global temperature evolution: recent trends and some pitfalls» «Coverage bias in the HadCRUT4 temperature series and its impact on recent temperature trends» «Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend» «On the definition and identifiability of the alleged «hiatus» in global warming» «Global land - surface air temperature change based on the new CMA GLSAT datasetSurface warming: «Global temperature evolution: recent trends and some pitfalls» «Coverage bias in the HadCRUT4 temperature series and its impact on recent temperature trends» «Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend» «On the definition and identifiability of the alleged «hiatus» in global warming» «Global land - surface air temperature change based on the new CMA GLSAT datasetsurface air temperature change based on the new CMA GLSAT dataset»

SLR satellite data includes things such as the «GIA Adjustment» — which is the amount of SLR that there would have been if the ocean basin hadn't increased in volume and in the case of this new study, how much higher the sea surface would have been if it had not been suppressed by the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption, another correction for ENSO / PDO «computed via a joint cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function (CSEOF) analysis of altimeter GMSL, GRACE land water storage, and Argo - based thermosteric sea level from 2005 to present», as well as other additions and adjustments — NONE OF WHICH can actually be found manifested in any change to the physical Sea Surface Height.surface would have been if it had not been suppressed by the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption, another correction for ENSO / PDO «computed via a joint cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function (CSEOF) analysis of altimeter GMSL, GRACE land water storage, and Argo - based thermosteric sea level from 2005 to present», as well as other additions and adjustments — NONE OF WHICH can actually be found manifested in any change to the physical Sea Surface Height.Surface Height.»

Given ocean surface is over twice land surface and some of the land some of the time is quite wet this drags down the average that CO2 warming can acheive on a global basis.

Indeed, last week we learned from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that the first eight months of 2015 were the hottest such stretch yet recorded for the globe's surface land and oceans, based on temperature records going back to 1880.

MM04 failed to acknowledge other independent data supporting the instrumental thermometer - based land surface temperature observations, such as satellite - derived temperature trend estimates over land areas in the Northern Hemisphere (Intergovernmental Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report, Chapter 2, Box 2.1, p. 106) that can not conceivably be subject to the non-climatic sources of bias considered by them.

Other GMST series based on land temperature stations and sea surface temperatures from ships and buoys are now available and are regularly updated, such as those from the Japanese Meteorological Agency and Berkeley Earth.

A long - term hydrologically based dataset of land surface fluxes and states for the conterminous United States

As others have noted, the IPCC Team has gone absolutely feral about Salby's research and the most recent paper by Dr Roy Spencer, at the University of Alabama (On the Misdiagnosis of Surface Temperature Feedbacks from Variations in Earth's Radiant Energy Balance), for one simple reason: both are based on empirical, undoctored satellite observations, which, depending on the measure required, now extend into the past by up to 32 years, i.e. long enough to begin evaluating real climate trends; whereas much of the Team's science in AR4 (2007) is based on primitive climate models generated from primitive and potentially unreliable land measurements and proxies, which have been «filtered» to achieve certain artificial realities (There are other more scathing descriptions of this process I won't use).

A simple hydrologically based model of land surface water and energy fluxes for general circulation models