Sentences with phrase «surface measurement stations»

Not exact matches

The CO2 is sampled from air that is above the Boundary Layer; ostensibly free from surface effects.The Keeling Curve has the longest history of CO2 continuous measurements; but over the past 50 years a network of similar stations has become active.

The new analysis combines sea - surface temperature records with meteorological station measurements and tests alternative choices for ocean records, urban warming and tropical and Arctic oscillations.

NASA's analyses incorporate surface temperature measurements from 6,300 weather stations, ship - and buoy - based observations of sea surface temperatures, and temperature measurements from Antarctic research stations.

The field measurements were carried out at the station of the University of Helsinki in Hyytiäla in southern Finland, which is typical for boreal forests, which cover eight percent of the earth's surface.

Surface temperature measurements are collected from about 30,000 stations around the world (Rennie et al. 2014).

Again, Monckton must surely know full well that for the last 25 - 30 years satellite temperature measurement of sea and land surface have replaced terrestrial temperature station measurements in many cases since these give a much greater coverage (70 % of the surface of the Earth is water... it's difficult to put weather stations on top of ice sheets etc.!)

These data are from the ARM Eddy Correlation Flux Measurement system, the Energy Balance Bowen Ratio station, the Soil Water and Temperature System, the Surface Meteorological Observation Systems, and the Oklahoma Mesonet.

Yes, there are certainly temperature stations that could be better designed, and yes, the observed surface temperature record might change slightly if all temperature stations were making precisely accurate measurements.

Kenttärova and Lompolojänkkä are part of the same 42 - ha catchment, and the surface water move nutrients within the catchment from Kenttärova to Lompolojänkkä and finally into the Lake Pallasjärvi (close to the flux measurement station Pallaslompolonniemi).

The size of the temperature increase was calculated from thousands of measurements from more than 6,000 weather stations, ship - and buoy - based observations of sea surface temperatures, and measurements across Antarctic research stations.

(1) In addition to the data of the near - surface temperatures, which are composed of measurements from weather stations and sea surface temperatures, there is also the microwave data from satellites, which can be used to estimate air temperatures in the troposphere in a few kilometers altitude.

There is good evidence that the answer to both these question is no: (The insensitivy of the results to methodology of selecting rural stations, the Parker et al windy days study, and the fact that data from satellite skin surface measurements, from sea surface temperatures, deep ocean temps as we as tropospheric temps are all in good agreement).

How to avoid problems with most land - based temperature weather stations: Use lighthouses as thermometers for accurate and unbiased measurement of surface air temperature.

In fact, surface station measurements show a significant warming, while MSU measurements do not.

Note that the entire 0.6 degC warming comes from surface station measurements, not from satellite or radiosonde measurements.

To conduct its analysis, GISS uses publicly available data from 6,300 meteorological stations around the world; ship - and buoy - based observations of sea surface temperature; and Antarctic research station measurements.

Most interesting is that the about monthly variations correlate with the lunar phases (peak on full moon) The Helsinki Background measurements 1935 The first background measurements in history; sampling data in vertical profile every 50 - 100m up to 1,5 km; 364 ppm underthe clouds and above Haldane measurements at the Scottish coast 370 ppmCO2 in winds from the sea; 355 ppm in air from the land Wattenberg measurements in the southern Atlantic ocean 1925-1927 310 sampling stations along the latitudes of the southern Atlantic oceans and parts of the northern; measuring all oceanographic data and CO2 in air over the sea; high ocean outgassing crossing the warm water currents north (> ~ 360 ppm) Buchs measurements in the northern Atlantic ocean 1932 - 1936 sampling CO2 over sea surface in northern Atlantic Ocean up to the polar circle (Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Barents Sea); measuring also high CO2 near Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen current, North Cape current) 364 ppm and CO2 over sea crossing the Atlantic from Kopenhagen to Newyork and back (Brements on a swedish island Lundegards CO2 sampling on swedish island (Kattegatt) in summer from 1920 - 1926; rising CO2 concentration (+7 ppm) in the 20s; ~ 328 ppm yearly average

To conduct its analysis, GISS uses publicly available data from three sources: weather data from more than a thousand meteorological stations around the world; satellite observations of sea surface temperature; and Antarctic research station measurements.

Upgrade the station and do day / night 360 degree infrared measurements, grid surrounding surfaces with actual surface temperature measurements in multiple samples per year etc... That might be worth 100K per station.

The data presented here has been constructed from thousands of surface station measurements from around the world, and tends to be a couple hours behind real - time.

The GISS team measured temperatures using records from land - based weather stations, and ship and satellite measurements of sea - surface temperature.

These are created by combining ship - and buoy - based measurements of ocean sea surface temperatures with temperature readings of the surface air temperature from weather stations on land.

The temperature analysis produced at GISS is compiled from weather data from more than 1,000 meteorological stations around the world, satellite observations of sea - surface temperature, and Antarctic research station measurements.

There are serious problems with all the current measurements from surface stations to satellites, but a major one is the contamination of the surface readings by changes in the physical conditions around the weather station.

These include the primary surface temperature thermometer records (NASA GISS, NOAA, and HadCRUT); satellite measurements of the lower troposphere temperature processed by Remote Sensing Systems (RSS) and the University of Alabama - Huntsville (UAH); and 5 major reanalysis datasets which incorporate station data, aircraft data, satellite data, radiosonde data, buoy and ship measurements, and meteorological weather modeling.

«Since 1990, surface ocean pH has directly been measured or calculated at several locations, with the average recent decrease estimated as 0.0019 pH units per year at the Hawaii Ocean Time - series (HOT; close to the site of long - term atmospheric CO2 measurements at Mauna Loa)[12]; 0.0017 per year based on transects in the North Pacific [13]; 0.0012 per year at the Bermuda Atlantic Time - Series (BATS)[14] and 0.0017 per year at the European Station for Time - Series in the Ocean at the Canary Islands (ESTOC)[15].

Because the GISS analysis combines available sea surface temperature records with meteorological station measurements, we test alternative choices for the ocean data, showing that global temperature change is sensitive to estimated temperature change in polar regions where observations are limited.

Over land, NCDC surface - station measurements yield 0.309 degrees per decade for the same time period, while GISS land stations yield 0.188 degrees per decade.

Impact: Replacing old ozone analyzers at existing stations and adding new sites on the west and east coast of the U.S. would increase the reliability and scope of surface ozone measurements (which may be impacted by industrial activity in Asia).

The temperature analysis produced at GISS is compiled from weather data from more than 1,000 meteorological stations around the world, satellite observations of sea surface temperature and Antarctic research station measurements.

I know that around the US there are coastal moorings and stations in river mouths and harbours which report water surface temperatures that aren't comparable to nearby open ocean temperature measurements used in SST datasets.

The temperature measurements collected by the Bureau are from thermometers — most recently electronic sensors as part of automatic weather stations within Stevenson screens — and are what are referred to as surface temperature measurements.

Roy Spencer developed his own surface temperature index for the USA 48, by using only the stations which have a homogenous method of taking data over time (four measurements per day) and which are hence completely free of any TOBS biases.

The answer is there are serious problems with all the current measurements from surface stations to satellites, but a major one is the contamination of the surface readings by changes in the physical conditions around the weather station.

These surface networks have had so many changes over time that the number of stations that have been moved, had their time of observation changed, had equipment changes, maintenance issues, or have been encroached upon by micro site biases and / or UHI using the raw data for all stations on a national scale or even a global scale gives you a result that is no longer representative of the actual measurements, there is simply too much polluted data.

While the Leroy (1999) system performs well for new station siting evaluation, it does not take into account the surface area of heat sinks and sources that may encroach upon a temperature measurement station over its lifetime.

Similar to the Leroy (1999) system, it adds total surface area (of heat sources and heat sinks) to the distance measurement as an additional metric for determining station site rating.

As I understand it, satellite measurements are of the lower troposphere and station measurements are surface temperatures, at least the air temperature at a metre and a bit above the surface.

NASA and Hadley rely on an overlapping set of surface and ocean temperature measurement stations and span the period from 1880 to present.

And you AGW - «Skeptics» are the ones who want that the surface temperature analyses which use measurements from meteorological stations were all wrong, because of artefacts in the measured temperature raw data or because of artificially warming trends allegedly introduced by quality control and / or homogenizaton procedures.

I find that I keep being surprised by the nonsense that is published, and is supposedly derived from surface station measurements by «scientists».

Since then, a growing number of surface temperature measurement stations worldwide, coupled with improved methods for correcting for biases induced through urban heat island effects and other station siting and operational issues, have allowed for the development of accurate global temperature estimates.

Both mostly use the same network of surface stations, but they differ in how they extrapolate temperature changes in areas with few measurement stations.

In contrast to surface data, these satellite data cover the whole Earth, are fully disclosed, and are not contaminated by poor maintenance and location of weather stations, changes from mercury to electronic measurement, and unexplained adjustments.

Urban sprawl has swallowed up many surface temperature monitoring stations causing increased temperature measurements.

The temperature analysis conducted by NASA draws data from more than 1,000 meteorological stations worldwide, satellite observations of temperatures at the surface of the oceans, and measurements taken by Antarctic research stations.

Using surface measurements of maximum and minimum temperatures from the Global Daily Climatological Network data set, we find evidence of a weekly cycle in diurnal temperature range (DTR) for many stations in the United States, Mexico, Japan, and China.

The problem in the Antarctica is that the satellite and AWS temperature measurements only go back to the early 1980s, as I recall, and prior to that only sparse temperature data was available from surface stations.

Besides the fact surface station measurements (not the models of surface temps made from the measurements) don't show any warming of Tmax.

Global average temperature The mean surface temperature of the Earth measured from three main sources: satellites, monthly readings from a network of over 3,000 surface temperature observation stations and sea surface temperature measurements taken mainly from the fleet of merchant ships, naval ships and data buoys.