Sentences with phrase «surface ocean salinity»

A new Indonesian coral - based record of surface ocean salinity shows that the location of the most significant hydroclimatic feature in the Southern Hemisphere, the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), a band of high clouds and precipitation, influences a major current in the far western Pacific Ocean.

Not exact matches

«And the question we decided to ask was what can those reconstructions of temperature and salinity tell us about the greater Atlantic Ocean surface circulation.»

The project, called Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO), uses observational data — including ocean surface topography, surface wind stress, temperature, salinity profiles and velocity data — collected between June 2005 and December Ocean (ECCO), uses observational data — including ocean surface topography, surface wind stress, temperature, salinity profiles and velocity data — collected between June 2005 and December ocean surface topography, surface wind stress, temperature, salinity profiles and velocity data — collected between June 2005 and December 2007.

The movement of water in the ocean is determined by many factors including tides; winds; surface waves; internal waves, those that propagate within the layers of the ocean; and differences in temperature, salinity or sea level height.

Salinity of the surface waters can be influenced by the amount of river water flowing into the oceans, yet no computer models of ancient ocean circulation had included this variable.

As a result there was an increase in moisture transport out of the Atlantic, which effectively increased the salinity and density, of the ocean surfaces, leading to an abrupt increase in circulation strength and temperature rise.

One option calls for a spacecraft that would map the surface in detail and measure the depth and salinity of the buried ocean.

A typical oceanographic mooring, like one deployed in the northwest Atlantic Ocean by the Global Ocean Ecoystems Dynamics (GLOBEC) program, holds a large array of instrumentation: seven current meters, seven temperature gauges, three optical turbidity scanners, four salinity / conductivity / pressure meters, and one Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) that records surface ocean current patterns around the mooOcean by the Global Ocean Ecoystems Dynamics (GLOBEC) program, holds a large array of instrumentation: seven current meters, seven temperature gauges, three optical turbidity scanners, four salinity / conductivity / pressure meters, and one Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) that records surface ocean current patterns around the mooOcean Ecoystems Dynamics (GLOBEC) program, holds a large array of instrumentation: seven current meters, seven temperature gauges, three optical turbidity scanners, four salinity / conductivity / pressure meters, and one Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) that records surface ocean current patterns around the mooocean current patterns around the mooring.

A team of scientists led by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory modified the current formula to calculate Potential Intensity by including the effects of upper - ocean mixing, sea - surface cooling, and salinity during a cyclone.

The researchers use computer models to forecast future ocean conditions such as surface temperatures, salinity, and currents, and project how the distribution of different fish species could respond to climate change.

There's no satellite in space that's capable of directly measuring ocean acidity, but an international team of scientists writing in the journal Environmental Science & Technology described last week how satellite measurements of sea surface temperatures, salinity and plankton activity could be combined and used to estimate pH.

If the NAO were driving an ocean current that contains higher SST's and more saline surface water into the Arctic region, I suspect it would be a possible correlation that salinity may be playing a part in the Arctic ice loss.

Hatun et al. focus on near - surface salinity, as it is near the surface the ocean circulation is stongest.

I suspect the amount of additional 33psu surface waters entrained by the sinking brine is indicated by the nearly 35psu salinity of Arctic ocean water below about 300 meters depth; if the salt from each cubic meter of ice formed were added to approximately 15 cubic meters of water at 33psu, it would raise the salinity to near 35psu.

Many of the surface currents of the world oceans (i.e., the ocean «gyres» which appear as rotating horizontal current systems in the upper ocean) are driven by the wind, however, the sinking in the Arctic is related to the buoyancy forcing (effects that change either the temperature or salinity of the water, and hence its buoyancy).

Finally, if the North American hydrologic cycle is enhanced, and / or Greenland's southern ice caps melt, the increased fresh water runoff from land areas could dilute the ocean surface water and critically reduce its salinity.

(For instance, changes in wind or salinity or seaweed, surface warming in regions (in) sensitive to OHC, perhaps the southern oceans or perhaps NH / SH with their different proportions of land, or variations in the frequency / amplitude of a known oceanic wobble.)

Yet measurements from more than 3600 automated buoys throughout the ocean that dive down a mile and a quarter and take detailed temperature and salinity profiles every ten days show that the deeper strata are warming faster than the near - surface strata.

Precipitation occurs over the oceans but we have virtually no measures so we can not determine the diluting effect on the salinity and gaseous content of the critical surface layer.

Using an ocean circulation model for the shelf, the authors find that surface temperatures may increase by 0.5 to 2.0 °C, seasonal surface salinity may drop by up to 2 PSS in some areas, and that Haida Eddies will strengthen, as will the Vancouver Island Coastal Current and freshwater discharges into coastal waters.

Maps of ocean salinity at different ocean depths - top: surface; middle: 1 km deep; bottom: 4 km deep.

We have the sophistication of some three thousand argo floats which periodically rise to the ocean surface and then send temperature and salinity data to satellites.

to develop new scientific algorithms, synergetic data methodologies and computing techniques that tentatively best map salinity at the surface of the oceans.

As warm surface currents near the poles the water cools and its salinity increases due to ocean water freezing and leaving the water near the poles more salty.

(Demos) As warm surface currents near the poles the water cools and its salinity increases due to ocean water freezing and leaving the water near the poles more salty.

The system can weaken or shut down entirely if the North Atlantic surface - water salinity somehow drops too low to allow the formation of deep - ocean water masses.

The paper discusses that melting ice will decrease the salinity of the ocean waters around Antarctica, which will cause decreased mixing with the relatively warmer deep ocean waters, reducing sea surface temperatures, causing more sea ice to form.

If we are going to say Ninas rain more over land and Ninos more over ocean, and there is more rainfall during Ninos; decreased surface salinity could account for the «steric» component.

The Arctic Ocean's surface temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes; [4] its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low evaporation, heavy fresh water inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities.

El Ni o an irregular variation of ocean current that, from January to February, flows off the west coast of South America, carrying warm, low - salinity, nutrient - poor water to the south; does not usually extend farther than a few degrees south of the Equator, but occasionally it does penetrate beyond 12 S, displacing the relatively cold Peruvian current; usually short - lived effects, but sometimes last more than a year, raising sea - surface temperatures along the coast of Peru and in the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean, having disastrous effects on marine life and fiocean current that, from January to February, flows off the west coast of South America, carrying warm, low - salinity, nutrient - poor water to the south; does not usually extend farther than a few degrees south of the Equator, but occasionally it does penetrate beyond 12 S, displacing the relatively cold Peruvian current; usually short - lived effects, but sometimes last more than a year, raising sea - surface temperatures along the coast of Peru and in the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean, having disastrous effects on marine life and fiOcean, having disastrous effects on marine life and fishing

Nonetheless, the findings demonstrate that satellite - based measurements of Arctic sea surface salinity are reasonably accurate and successfully reflect changes due to river runoff, melting sea ice and glaciers, and ocean circulation.

The subtropical waters have increased in salinity and the subpolar surface and intermediate waters have freshened in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans during the period from the 1960s to the 1990s and in both hemispheres in each ocean.

They have a significant effect on water salinity, pollution, carbon and nutrient levels, sea surface temperature, and other physical properties in these regions of the ocean, and the variations they cause can, in turn, affect the well - being of marine ecosystems and climate.

These advances include the near - global three - dimensional sampling by the Argo array of temperature and salinity profiling floats and spaceborne measurements of sea surface salinity using the European Space Agency's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) spacecraft and NASA's Aquarius mission aboard the Argentine SAC - D spacecraft (which ceased operations in Junsalinity profiling floats and spaceborne measurements of sea surface salinity using the European Space Agency's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) spacecraft and NASA's Aquarius mission aboard the Argentine SAC - D spacecraft (which ceased operations in Junsalinity using the European Space Agency's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) spacecraft and NASA's Aquarius mission aboard the Argentine SAC - D spacecraft (which ceased operations in JunSalinity (SMOS) spacecraft and NASA's Aquarius mission aboard the Argentine SAC - D spacecraft (which ceased operations in June 2015).

These images correspond to microwave radiation emitted from Earth's surface and can be related to soil moisture and ocean salinity.

Both satellites mapped ocean salinity by picking up faint microwave signals emitted by the sea surface, which change along with salinity.

Aquarius will map the open ocean once every seven days for at least three years, allowing scientists to make the first global maps of salinity in the surface layer.

This ocean - to - land moisture transport leaves an imprint on sea surface salinity, making this «nature's rain gauge» to measure the variations of the water cycle.

The researchers had to estimate such variables as the chemical composition of the atmosphere, the amount of sunlight reflected by Earth's surface back into the atmosphere, and the movement of heat and salinity in the oceans at a time when all the continents were consolidated into the giant land mass known as Pangaea.

The CCSM appeared to correctly capture key details of the late Permian, including increased ocean salinity and sea surface temperatures in the high latitudes that paleontologists believe were 14 degrees Fahrenheit (8 degrees Celsius) higher than present.

Climate change can influence the distribution of dead zones by increasing water temperature and hence microbial activity, as well as reducing mixing of the ocean (i.e., increasing layering or stratification) of the Ocean — which have different temperatures, densities, salinities — and reducing mixing of oxygen - rich surface layers into the deeper parts of the Oocean (i.e., increasing layering or stratification) of the Ocean — which have different temperatures, densities, salinities — and reducing mixing of oxygen - rich surface layers into the deeper parts of the OOcean — which have different temperatures, densities, salinities — and reducing mixing of oxygen - rich surface layers into the deeper parts of the OceanOcean.

The result of this program is a massive amount of high - quality, high - resolution data for temperature and salinity in the surface and intermediate ocean.

The second is what is termed as «steric change» — a scientific phrase that both identifies ocean thermal expansion due to warming combined with changes in ocean salinity, which also impacts sea surface height.

If all future Argo floats were of the Deep Argo variety, in five or ten years we would know as much about the deep ocean's temperature and salinity structure as we currently know about the surface.

The strength of both of these annual fluxes during summer will have consequences for the salinity of the surface water mass of the Arctic Ocean and hence on the strength of the freezing cycle during the following winter.

The key to this model lies in the distribution of precipitation on Earth, with maxima in the tropics and in high latitudes, so that the Arctic receives an excess of precipitation over evaporation of about one third, which is associated with the permanent presence of the low salinity surface water mass of the Arctic Ocean, separated by a halocline from the saltier Atlantic water below.

Currents that move through the upper ocean then dive down to depth may move some of the surface heat to the deeper waters, especially where the currents have dived not just from cooling water (hot water would tend to go up, cold water would tend to go down) but because it is driven in «conveyor» systems which may run counter to expectations of where water should go when considering only local conditions, and especially, if the water is dropping because of an increase in salinity.

Because the ocean data were less sparse in the North Atlantic, we extend the plot back to 1950 and reveal that the salinity anomaly was also positive before 1970, during another episode of surface hiatus.

These indicators include greenhouse gas concentrations, temperature of the lower and upper atmosphere, cloud cover, sea surface temperature, sea - level rise, ocean salinity, sea ice extent and snow cover.

Recently, Willis (2010) used satellite observations of sea surface height and sensor buoy observations of velocity, salinity and temperature of the Atlantic Ocean at 41oN and found no significant change in the AMOC strength between 2002 and 2009.