Sentences with phrase «surface on time scales»

Not exact matches

The rotation occurring underneath the surface of the S&P 500 this month — out of tech and into other more attractively - priced areas — has played out on a smaller scale a few times in the past several months.

In the study, scientists from the Potsdam - based Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, and Harvard University show that sea surface temperatures reconstructed from climate archives vary to a much greater extent on long time scales than simulated by climate models.

The reaction rate between atmospheric hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) is greatly enhanced in the presence of ice particles; HCl dissolves readily into ice, and the collisional reaction probability for ClONO2 on the surface of ice with HCl in the mole fraction range from ∼ 0.003 to 0.010 is in the range from ∼ 0.05 to 0.1 for temperatures near 200 K. Chlorine (Cl2) is released into the gas phase on a time scale of at most a few milliseconds, whereas nitric acid (HNO3), the other product, remains in the condensed phase.

Using different calibration and filtering processes, the two researchers succeeded in combining a wide variety of available data from temperature measurements and climate archives in such a way that they were able to compare the reconstructed sea surface temperature variations at different locations around the globe on different time scales over a period of 7,000 years.

The Earth, itself, recycles atmospheric gases into the deep Earth and back to the surface again, but on a much longer time scale.

On a millennial time scale, conventional climate models underestimated the variations of sea surface temperatures reconstructed from climate archives by a factor of 50.

Given the complexity and scale of the interfaces required, Shepard and his team believe that the degree of noninvasiveness required for human use within this aggressive time frame can only be achieved with electrode architectures based on stimulation and recording at the brain surface.

We can now say that, on ultrafast time scales, the protein surface fluctuations are controlled by water fluctuations.

They found that there is a negative correlation between cloud cover and sea surface temperature apparent on a long time scale — again suggesting a positive cloud - climate feedback in this region.

«If the stain is only a thin, colored veneer on the icy soil, exposure to the space environment at Tethys» surface might erase them on relatively short time scales.»

On a multi-decadal time scale the changes in surface air temperature and ocean heat down to 700 metres are generally in phase too.

For significant periods of time, the reconstructed large - scale changes in the North Pacific SLP field described here and by construction the long - term decline in Hawaiian winter rainfall are broadly consistent with long - term changes in tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) based on ENSO reconstructions documented in several other studies, particularly over the last two centuries.

The model predicted that the time scales of receptor (de) activation kinetics on the cell surface and the interior compartments were comparable.

At this time the E-W sea surface temperature gradients in both the Pacific and Indian Oceans increased [29], [31] intensifying the E-W moisture transport in the tropics, which greatly increased rainfall variability both on a precession and an ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) time - scales.

Exhibited together for the first time, the presentation included a selection of individual «Xerox monotypes» and two large scale canvases made from the collaging of forty - two individual works on rice paper that have been «processed» through a series of methods aimed to transfer toner directly to the paper surface.

... Polar amplification explains in part why Greenland Ice Sheet and the West Antarctic Ice Sheet appear to be highly sensitive to relatively small increases in CO2 concentration and global mean temperature... Polar amplification occurs if the magnitude of zonally averaged surface temperature change at high latitudes exceeds the globally averaged temperature change, in response to climate forcings and on time scales greater than the annual cycle.

The paper illustrates the importance of remembering that the atmosphere and ocean surface are just a small component of the Earth's climate system — with the ocean depths having a vast capacity to absorb and move heat on time scales ranging from years to centuries and longer.

Most of the surface temperature variability is on the diurnal (day - night) time scale.

Because the drains out of the various bathtubs involved in the climate — atmospheric concentrations, the heat balance of the surface and oceans, ice sheet accumulations, and thermal expansion of the oceans — are small and slow, the emissions we generate in the next few decades will lead to changes that, on any time scale we can contemplate, are irreversible.

The stratosphere will, absent sustained non-radiative perturbations (see 57i), approach radiative equilibrium on a time scale under a year (Holton, «An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology», 1992, p. 410), so taking stratospheric adjustment to instantaneous stratospheric forcing first and then applying the adjusted tropopause - level forcing to the troposphere + surface and stratospheric feedbacks is similar to the actual order of events in reality.

The hole is open to the air over approximately a 40 meter diameter surface, and barring absolutely perfect symmetry the wind will generate a vortex over the hole, which would result in mixing on a time scale of around a day or so or faster, even were it some heavier than air gas such as propane.

Changes in land surface properties as the wet season progresses impact surface fluxes and boundary layer evolution on daily and seasonal time scales that feed back to cloud and rainfall generation.

IPCC: «Equilibration of surface ocean and atmosphere occurs on a time scale of roughly one year.

Both the NAO and ENSO exhibited marked changes in their surface climate expressions on multi-decadal time scales during the 20th century (e.g., Power et al., 1999b; Jones et al., 2003).

2) Soil moisture: memory in soil moisture can last several weeks which can influence the atmosphere through changes in evaporation and surface energy budget and can affect the forecast of air temperature and precipitation in certain areas during certain times of the year on intraseasonal time scales;

On a longer time scale, global average surface temperatures have risen at a rate of about 0.70 °C per century.

The stadium wave effect seems most plausible to me because on the surface of the globe this effect will be felt at the regional level and rippling to neighboring regions (spatial networking) over oscillation time scales of around 60 years.

«A one dimensional model of heat conduction is used to show that surface trends are attenuated as a function of depth within conductive media on time scales of decades to centuries, therefore invalidating the above assumption given practical observational constraints.

Natural variability plays a large role in the rate of global mean surface warming on decadal time scales.

rw (05:22:03): «The motions of the massive oceans where heat is moved between deep layers and the surface provides variability on time scales from years to centuries.

''... worked with two sediment cores they extracted from the seabed of the eastern Norwegian Sea, developing a 1000 - year proxy temperature record «based on measurements of δ18O in Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, a planktonic foraminifer that calcifies at relatively shallow depths within the Atlantic waters of the eastern Norwegian Sea during late summer,» which they compared with the temporal histories of various proxies of concomitant solar activity... This work revealed, as the seven scientists describe it, that «the lowest isotope values (highest temperatures) of the last millennium are seen ~ 1100 - 1300 A.D., during the Medieval Climate Anomaly, and again after ~ 1950 A.D.» In between these two warm intervals, of course, were the colder temperatures of the Little Ice Age, when oscillatory thermal minima occurred at the times of the Dalton, Maunder, Sporer and Wolf solar minima, such that the δ18O proxy record of near - surface water temperature was found to be «robustly and near - synchronously correlated with various proxies of solar variability spanning the last millennium,» with decade - to century - scale temperature variability of 1 to 2 °C magnitude.»

The main difference between H2O and CO2 (apart from the numerical differences of their specific physical properites such as degree of freedom, thermal capacity, physical mass, etc) in terms of their effects on the atmosphere is that water is capable of condensing into liquid to form clouds and readily and rapidly moves between surface and atmosphere, daily, seasonally, annually and on even greater time scales, but CO2 does not liquify in the biosphere and transfers over mostly long time periods between surface (primarily oceans, seas, etc) and the atmosphere.

It is further noted that GM strength has good relational coherence with the temperature difference between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and that on centennial time scales the GM strength responds more directly to the effective solar forcing than the concurrent forced response in global - mean surface temperature.

I'm very convinced that the physical process of global warming is continuing, which appears as a statistically significant increase of the global surface and tropospheric temperature anomaly over a time scale of about 20 years and longer and also as trends in other climate variables (e.g., global ocean heat content increase, Arctic and Antarctic ice decrease, mountain glacier decrease on average and others), and I don't see any scientific evidence according to which this trend has been broken, recently.

The time scale of this is decades to centuries depending on how you run the numbers, particularly mixing of the surface with the deep ocean.

-- then what explanation (scientific if possible) can be given for the fact that, last year alone, parts of the USA had the highest surface temperatures on record, Australia had to rewrite their own temperature gauge because it was recording temperatures which went, for the first time in recorded history, off the scale they were so high and in the UK and Europe we experienced one of the longest heatwaves in decades?

According to the researchers, natural variability plays a large role in the rate of global mean surface warming on decadal time scales.

Heat picked up at the surface is thus rapidly vertically mixed and transported by all three mechanisms — conduction, convection and radiation — acting at different length scales and with considerable and non-ignorable chaotic and self - organized emergent mesoscale structure — to produce an atmosphere that, as you note, ends up somewhere between the DALR and isothermal most of the time, although inversions (warmer on top) or with a gradient even larger than the DALR happen all the time, and are unstable or transiently metastable states with some lifetime and break apart and perhaps reform somewhere else as the conditions that favor them recur.

``... large - scale near - surface air - temperature reconstructions relying on tree - ring data may underestimate pre-instrumental temperatures including warmth during Medieval and Roman times.»

The mechanisms behind these hyperthermals are poorly understood, as discussed below, but they are characterized by the injection into the surface climate system of a large amount of carbon in the form of CH4 and / or CO2 on the time scale of a millennium [205]--[207].

The motions of the massive oceans where heat is moved between deep layers and the surface provides variability on time scales from years to centuries.

In the Sun, surface differential rotation changes on a centennial time scale coincide with the observed phase change between the toroidal and poloidal magnetic field components and the time dependence of the dipole and quadrupole components of the poloidal magnetic field (Feynman & Ruzmaikin, 2014).

These surface networks have had so many changes over time that the number of stations that have been moved, had their time of observation changed, had equipment changes, maintenance issues, or have been encroached upon by micro site biases and / or UHI using the raw data for all stations on a national scale or even a global scale gives you a result that is no longer representative of the actual measurements, there is simply too much polluted data.

The recent, marked increase in ice discharge from many of Greenland» slarge outlet glaciers has upended the conventional view that variations in ice - sheet mass balance are dominated on short time scales by variations in surface balance, rather than ice dynamics.

We assert that the amount of magnetic energy that remains present (de Wijn et al. 2009) at the surface of a spotless (i.e. quiet) Sun is the main driver of solar irradiance variability on centennial time scales.

Projection of future climate trends on the 10 - 100 year time scale depends crucially upon improved understanding of ocean dynamics, particularly upon how ocean mixing will respond to climate change at the ocean surface.

The former interacts with ENSO, in very complex, non-linear ways depending not so much on surface temperature but the depth of the thermocline, the specific details of tropical storm tracks and intensities, and short time - scale winds (2 - 24 hrs).

We see the polar surface regions warm as the mid latitudes cool or the tropics warm as the poles cool and so on and so forth in infinite permutations of timing and scale.

Modes or patterns of climate variability - Natural variability of the climate system, in particular on seasonal and longer time scales, predominantly occurs with preferred spatial patterns and time scales, through the dynamical characteristics of the atmospheric circulation and through interactions with the land and ocean surfaces.

Observed records of Atlantic hurricane activity show some correlation, on multi-year time - scales, between local tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and the Power Dissipation Index (PDI)-- see for example Fig. 3 on this EPA Climate Indicators site.