Further research uncovered a broad spectrum of cell
surface stem cell markers (e.g., CD133, CD44, and CD24) that allow the identification of CSCs in human solid tumors, including brain, breast, prostate, pancreas, liver, ovary, skin, colon cancers, and melanoma (3 - 6)(Figure 1 based on 7).
Not exact matches
Several studies have used
cell -
surface markers — proteins found on the outer membranes of tumor
cells — to identify glioblastoma
stem cells; but the specific
markers used have been controversial and can not reflect molecular processes going on within tumor
cells.
They also showed that the
cells have most of the
surface «
markers» considered as identifiers of embryonic
stem cells and form «embryoid bodies» — characteristic clumps of
cells formed by ESCs.
A
stem cell is generally characterized by the presence of various proteins — or
cell markers — on its outer
surface.
Researchers at Karolinska Institutet have identified
cell surface markers specific for the very earliest
stem cells in the human embryo.
Comparing the
markers on these
stem cells with those on the
surfaces of cancer
cells, Johnson adds, will also help scientists determine if
stem cells contribute to prostate malignancies.
«We've not had
cell surface markers for the different
stem cell states before, which has made it hard to study them,» says Fredrik Lanner, assistant professor at Karolinska Institutet's Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology.
Significantly,
cells with reduced mtDNA became self - renewing and expressed specific
cell surface markers characteristic of breast cancer
stem cells.
Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 is a specific
cell -
surface marker for isolating hepatocytes derived from human pluripotent
stem cells.
Since very few studies have demonstrated the formation of macro-metastasis from low numbers of sorted CSCs and currently proposed CSC
markers might not be sufficient to identify all
stem cell populations [13], we believe that our study presents a promising approach to isolate
stem - like and metastatic breast CSCs as opposed to the
cell - sorting strategy based on putative
stem cell surface markers.
Most of these CSCs have been identified using
surface markers that identify their corresponding normal tissue
stem and progenitor
cells, thus reinforcing the resemblance of tumor development to normal organogenesis.
(B) Percent of sorted single HES3
cells in (A) expressing
stem or lineage
markers according to level of
surface marker expression.
We derived a fibroblast line from a skin biopsy from a healthy adult male (HUF1)(Figure 1A) and used immunocytochemistry to characterize the expression of
cell surface markers commonly expressed on pluripotent
stem cells (Figure 1B, C and D).
Cells along the continuum show a progressively decreasing likelihood of self renewal as their expression of
stem cell surface markers and pluripotency genes wanes.
These iPS
cells have a normal karyotype, demonstrate telomerase activity and express embryonic
stem (ES)
cell surface markers.
Oct - 4 is most consistently expressed of the pluripotency genes that we have studied, and it is switched off only in populations that have lost other measurable features of pluripotency, such as
stem cell surface marker expression and the capacity for self - renewal.