Sentences with phrase «surface than at the top»

It is harder to measure the energy budget at the surface than at the top of the atmosphere because they can not be directly measured by passive satellite sensors and surface measurements aren't equally distributed across the earth's surface.

Not exact matches

Even though electrons entered only at the 1D atomic edge of the graphene sheet, the contact resistance was remarkably low, reaching 100 ohms per micron of contact width — a value smaller than what is typically achieved for contacts at the graphene top surface.

As a result, the remaining liquid at the bottom of the bubble is warmer, and so has lower surface tension, than liquid at the top.

There are strong winds of 350 kilometers per hour (218 miles per hour) at the cloud tops, but surface winds are weak — no more than a few kilometers (or miles) per hour.

From my experience of a couple of years (1980 - 2) the local and regional solar surface flux averaged less than 70 % from flux at the top of the atmosphere (and for some periods of months even much less).

Having standard - fit all - wheel drive on Mitsubishi Lancers with the 2.4 - liter engine (2.0 - liter models only come with front - wheel drive) also means there's good amounts of traction on slippery road surfaces and in snowy conditions — on top of being a relative novelty at this price point (the only all - wheel drive alternative, the Subaru Impreza, is nearly $ 2,000 more expensive to buy than a like - for - like Mitsubishi Lancer).

The first Q8 concept debuted at the Detroit auto show just a few weeks ago, featuring a lower roof profile and some sleeker surfaces than the current range - topping Q7 SUV.

The physical processes by which energy might be added into the glacier material include: (A) convection between the glacier surfaces and local surrounding atmosphere and water, (B) direct radiation onto the exposed surfaces of the material, (C) addition of material that is at a temperature higher than the melting temperature onto the top of the glacier (rain, say), (D) Sublimation of the ice directly into the atmosphere, and (E) conduction into the material from the contact areas between the glacier and surrounding solid material.

The reason I raised the issue before was that simply eyeballing the graph at the top of p5 of the factsheet reveals the following: the main reason that the tropospheric trend is steeper appears to be the lack of peaks in the 1980s with higher tropospheric anomalies than surface anomalies.

The temperatures at the tops of high clouds are much colder than the surface, and thus reduce the energy loss of the planet better than low clouds (which emit at temperatures rather close to that of the surface).

In 2) i wanted to discuss the different forcing efficacies of solar shortwave compared to anthro fossil carbon combustion upon global average surface temperature, rather than the emission temperature at top of atmosphere

he cooling due to aerosols is more than 10 W m − 2 at the top of the atmosphere, and more than 25 W m − 2 at the surface in the vicinity of Indonesia.

This is probably pretty rare, but sounds travels different in water than air, and it can «sometimes get trapped at the surface, in layers called thermoclines, at the top 325 feet or so.»

The approach of this paper is different than many previous papers that focus on the energy budget at the surface or the top of the atmosphere (TOA).

The critical element is the principle that the warming is driven primarily by what happens at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) rather than the surface.

It furthermore ignores the fact that CO2 readily dissolves in water, especially at low temperatures and increased surfaces, such as in the top of clouds where the surface to volume ratio of tiny water droplets is more than 10000 times that at the surface.

Heat picked up at the surface is thus rapidly vertically mixed and transported by all three mechanisms — conduction, convection and radiation — acting at different length scales and with considerable and non-ignorable chaotic and self - organized emergent mesoscale structure — to produce an atmosphere that, as you note, ends up somewhere between the DALR and isothermal most of the time, although inversions (warmer on top) or with a gradient even larger than the DALR happen all the time, and are unstable or transiently metastable states with some lifetime and break apart and perhaps reform somewhere else as the conditions that favor them recur.

It has no atmosphere, and is a very similar distance from the Sun, and therefore must receive a very similar amount of solar insolation than the Earth does at the top of the atmosphere, and would at the surface if it had no atmosphere.

Any atmosphere on any planet will always be warmer at the surface of that planet than at the top of that atmosphere, but that has nothing to do with a «greenhouse effect».

We need to find an equation that allows factors other than mass, gravity and insolation to affect V without affecting T because according to the Gas Laws T is determined only by the amount of KE needed to keep the mass of the atmosphere off the surface at a given height over and above that required for top of atmosphere radiative balance.

The fact that it is still substantially lower in temperature at the top of riser 2 than the surface temperature with no flow indicates that it is still getting enough flow to work OK.

Now the sun would be expected to set up an undisturbed gradient from cold at the bottom to warm at the top but it does not because upward radiation from the surface plus energy drawn upwards by evaporation at the surface creates a layer 1 mm deep near the surface (the subskin) which is 0.3 C cooler than the water below it.

«what does happen is that the water surface radiates away at about 400W / m ^ 2, in fact the top few microns will be cooler than the water a mm deeper because the transfer of heat from lower down (conduction, convection, diffusion etc.) is slower than the loss from the surface.»

Obviously that doesn't happen, what does happen is that the water surface radiates away at about 400W / m ^ 2, in fact the top few microns will be cooler than the water a mm deeper because the transfer of heat from lower down (conduction, convection, diffusion etc.) is slower than the loss from the surface.

So I baulk when it comes to trying to specify a surface no - feedback sensitivity, because it is very spatially dependent, and you would need to do a global integral, which is an orders of magnitude bigger problem than at the top of the atmosphere.

m of SR at top of the atmosphere is much less than that at the surface of the globe.

Whether it is better than a Surface depends on which you value more (design or performance), but make no mistake the MateBook is now firmly at the top of this category.

The new S - Pen might also be differently located on the Note 8 than the earlier versions of the device — instead of the top of the handset, it would be located at the bottom according to leaked photos, which surfaced on June 27.

Mom very clearly instructed me to wash from the bottom up, not top down, because if you start at the top, the dribbles run downward and end up drying lighter in color than the rest of the surface.

«Brick format tiles with a flat rather than bevelled surface were at the top of my wish list, with dark grout to accentuate the design, and a patterned floor.