Sentences with phrase «surface water densities»

The most common means of slowing AMOC involves the reduction of oceanic surface water density via an increase in freshwater discharge to the North Atlantic.

Not exact matches

To rise to the surface the submarine must reduce its density which it does by releasing water from the tank.

Evaporation from the ocean waters can also lower the density of the air close to the surface to the point that it can not mix with the air layer above it.

The density of the mammoth main - belt asteroid Ceres suggests it contains a large amount of water ice, but no clear - cut sign of ice has been found on its surface.

Using the Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer, or LBTI, in Arizona, the HOSTS Survey determines the brightness and density of warm dust floating in nearby stars» habitable zones, where liquid water could exist on the surface of a planet.

Even though density measurements suggest that Ceres is roughly one third water by weight, water ice should rapidly sublimate away into space on the dwarf planet's airless, sun - soaked surface, so its absence at first would seem to be no surprise.

Since the density of pure water ice is ca. 920 kg / m3, and that of sea water ca. 1025 kg / m3, typically, around 90 % of the volume of an iceberg is under water, and that portion's shape can be difficult to surmise from looking at what is visible above the surface.

From those densities, they estimate that the fourth planet out from the star, known as TRAPPIST - 1e, is the rockiest of the seven and the most Earth - like, with the possibility of liquid water on its surface.

The Iceland and Greenland Seas are among the only places worldwide where conditions are right and this heat exchange is able to change the ocean's density enough to cause the surface waters to sink.

When sea ice forms, it expels salt into the surrounding water, increasing the density of the water and causing it to sink, carrying oxygenated surface water into the depths.

The thermohaline circulation of the global ocean is controlled in part by freshwater inputs to northern seas that regulate the strength of North Atlantic Deep Water formation by reducing surface seawater density.

The quality of the data set is enhanced by the possibility to combine the information from two different detectors: the particle density at the ground is measured with a surface array of water Cherenkov detectors whereas the longitudinal development of the air showers is observed with fluorescence telescopes during dark clear nights.

Because Sirius B is so faint, its surface area and thus its volume must be very small, and its average density is on the order of 100,000 times that of water.

Currents in the deep ocean exist because of changes in the density of sea water occurring at the surface.

In 2003, astronomers at the University of Texas at Arlington performed refined calculations to determine that the habitable zone around 47 Ursae Majoris, where an inner rocky planet (with suitable mass and atmospheric gas composition and density) can have liquid water on its surface, lies between 1.05 and 1.83 AUs of the star.

Such zones are bounded by the range of distances from a star for which liquid water can exist on a planetary surface, depending on such additional factors as the nature and density of its atmosphere and its surface gravity.

For global warming scenarios, additional forcing comes into play: surface warming and enhanced high - latitude precipitation, which will also reduce density of northern surface waters (an effect which alone has shut down deep water formation in some model experiments, e.g. Manabe and Stouffer 1993, 1994).

Is the interaction modulated by water vapor, by the density aloft of the atmosphere (which is not exactly the same thing as surface pressure), etc.?

At 4000 m beneath surface pressure is roughly 400 atmospheres, which is enough to force water to be in its state of maximal density, hence a fixed given temperature.

It's always worth remembering that the other end of the AMOC involves two main factors: (1) vorticity - mixing of heat from surface waters into the deep abyssal ocean (which decreases density causing the Atlantic Deep Water to start rising above the colder Antarctic Bottom Water) and (2) the wind - driven upwelling around the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.

When the sea - ice forms, the freezing process rejects brine, which has a higher density than the surface waters and which sinks to the continental shelf.

The deep ocean and surface water don't overturn because of differences in density, so the exchange is via global circulation.

Rhe fact that acidification remains a surface water problom suggests to me that the increase in hydrogen ions resuts in a slight lowering of sea water density, otherwise normal mixing would prevent it.

Temperature and density together is the answer; warm water keeps coming to surface as the cooler denser water sinks until 40F.

Salt - water intrusion / encroachment - Displacement of fresh surface water or groundwater by the advance of salt water due to its greater density.

The density difference between cold, salty bottom water and the warm surface prevent effective mixing.

However, Earth's polar regions currently experience net precipitation, and the fresh water effect on the ocean density allows the surface to freeze without the need for the entire column of ocean water to reach the freezing point.

Estimates of surface snow water equivalent (SWE) in alpine regions with seasonal melts are particularly difficult in areas of high vegetation density, topographic relief and snow accumulations.

As water has the property of reaching maximum density above its freezing point, the heat is transported towards the surface, eventually to be radiated away to outer space.

Researchers in the historical Beaver Creek experiments hypothesized that lower tree densities associated with thinning would reduce evapotranspiration losses, and thereby allow more water to be available for soil moisture, groundwater recharge, and surface water runoff [29].

Second, the ocean absorbs CO2 on average all across the lower density surface as the waters cool by radiation to space on their return to the poles.

Without the increased water movement due to the storm, there would be a tendency for the meltwater to stay at the surface due to its relatively low density, which would prevent saltier water (with its depressed freezing point) from coming in contact with the ice.

A point is reached where the density of the cooling surface water becomes greater than the density of the deep water, and overturning begins as the dense surface water moves down under the influence of gravity.

Climate change can influence the distribution of dead zones by increasing water temperature and hence microbial activity, as well as reducing mixing of the ocean (i.e., increasing layering or stratification) of the Ocean — which have different temperatures, densities, salinities — and reducing mixing of oxygen - rich surface layers into the deeper parts of the Ocean.

Their hope (claim) is that there can be occasions when salinity, rather than temperature, is the prime determining factor in the density of the surface waters.

As mentioned above, highest surface densities in the world ocean are reached where water is very cold, while lower densities are found in the saltier but warmer tropical and subtropical areas.

The moons small density will have an effect on the surface of the planet as water is denser than land and has elasticity to it.

Indeed, the density buildup from salt excess and evaporative cooling is what causes the North Atlantic surface waters to sink so dramatically.

At the surface, evaporation takes energy from the water surface or from the surface on land and reduces the density of the air parcel above so that the air parcel becomes lighter and can rise.

Thus a parcel of air into which water vapour is injected will rise without any change in ambient temperature.The reduction of density from surface upwards is what initially reduces air pressure as measured from the surface.

A major consideration is the potential for a slowdown or stop of the AMOC in response to freshwater from the melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet, which lowers the density of the surface waters and puts the brakes on the thermohaline component of the AMOC.

12 vertical density currents that occur when cold deep water comes to the surface can occur anywhere, prevalent along western coasts of continents

In (27), it should be replaced by the integral of g times the initial water vapor density, which was not specified except that it was unsaturated except at the surface.

It, too has significant transverse structure and is a global transporter of heat as complex currents move water around based on its temperature, salinity / density, wind direction at the surface, heat sources at depth, evaporation, the coriolis force, the shape of the ocean bottom, and freshwater contributions from e.g. rivers and melting ice.

In principle, a large enough return flow of fresh water from rivers and glaciers could reduce the density of the surface waters sufficiently to stop them from sinking, in which case the whole AMOC would stop.

Maximum density of water is at +4 C (which is one reason why ice forms on the surface).

A warming surface ocean is also likely to increase the density stratification of the water column (i.e., Steinacher et al., 2010), altering the circulation and potentially increasing the isolation of waters in an OMZ from contact with the atmosphere, hence increasing the intensity of the OMZ.

North Atlantic surface warming decreases water density there, thus reducing the rate of sinking.

As regards a warming of the ocean skin, evaporation is a continuous process caused by temperaure, density and pressure (not just temperature) differentials between water and air so that the rate of evaporation accelerates when a water surface is warmed such as from the warming effect of extra greenhouse gases (especially if the air is dry).

Only if the oceans freeze across their entire surfaces thereby causing the hydrological cycle to cease or if the sun puts in energy faster than it can be pumped upward by the hydrological cycle will the basic temperature equilibrium derived from the properties of water and the density and pressure of the atmosphere fail to be maintained.