Sentences with phrase «surface water layer»

That warming extends the 50 m or so to the seabed because we are dealing with only a polar surface water layer here (over the shelves the Arctic Ocean structure is one - layer rather than three layers) and the surface warming is mixed down by wave - induced mixing because the extensive open water permits large fetches.

More fresh water in the surface water layers makes it harder for the nutrient - rich bottom water to rise to the upper layers where the sunlight ensures the production of plankton algae in summer.

Here, the long time series shows that the surface water layers became up to 1.5 per mill less saline during the measurement period.

Not exact matches

We can not blow up the world and continue to live on it; we can not destroy the ozone layer without risking skin cancer; we can not pollute all waters and be able to drink; we can not denude the surface of trees and expect the soil not to erode.

To create an attractive surface appearance, I used a water - moistened finger to swirl the top layer of the batter into a somewhat neater arrangement.

This is accomplished with a powerful blast of warm air that quickly breaks up the layer of surface water on a userâ $ ™ s hands for quick removal and evaporation.

To clean the baby mattress simply hand or machine wash the elasticised comfort layer cover and wipe down the HPU layer with warm soapy water and towel dry the surface, before returning a clean elasticised top comfort layer cover to the mattress.

The exterior fabric is a soft layer of water resistant TPU (Thermoplastic Polyurethanes), providing a highly elastic, dirt and stain resistant, quality outer surface that resists tearing from abrasive surfaces.

He said while some hyrofracking chemicals are toxic and carcinogenic, public exposure to such chemicals is manageable, and that there are no known cases of the chemicals — which are injected deep underground a mile or more to fracture gas - bearing rock layers — reaching the surface to contaminate water or air.

Evaporation from the ocean waters can also lower the density of the air close to the surface to the point that it can not mix with the air layer above it.

MAVEN arrived at Mars in Sept. 2014 on a mission to investigate a planetary mystery: Billions of years ago, Mars was blanketed by layer of air massive enough to warm the planet and allow liquid water to flow on its surface.

The shrimp represent centimeter - sized swimmers, including krill and shrimplike copepods, found throughout the world's oceans that may together be capable of mixing ocean layers — and delivering nutrient - rich deep waters to phytoplankton, or microscopic marine plants, near the surface, the researchers suggest.

Under certain conditions, the warm water of the lower layer can reach the surface and melt the ice.

Higher precipitation levels in the region and melting ice would decouple the surface from the deeper water layers.

As for the increase in phosphorus content, it was caused by the phosphorus that in the summer of 2014 flowed in from the deep waters in the north of the Baltic Sea main basin and the phosphorus that was released from the Gulf of Finland's own seabed in the poor oxygen conditions and mixed with the surface layer during last winter.

«So if I have this depression at the south pole, and I have beneath the surface 50 kilometers down a layer of water or an ocean, that layer of water at depth is a positive mass anomaly.

To overcome this problem, the photocatalyst particle surface was covered with a layer of amorphous oxyhydroxide in order to inhibit the degradation of the photocatalyst and reverse reaction, and made the steady water - splitting reaction possible.

The rising temperatures cause layers of ocean water to stratify so the more oxygen - rich surface waters are less able to mix with oxygen - poor waters from the deeper ocean.

Deep beneath the bleached - out, dusty surface of the drought - stricken West is a stash of water sequestered between layers of rock and sometimes built up over centuries.

SLIPS's thin layer of liquid lubricant allows liquids to flow easily over the surface, much as a thin layer of water in an ice rink helps an ice skater glide.

To get around these problems, a group led by Chad Mirkin came up with a technique called dip - pen nanolithography, which uses a water layer to transport organic ink on the AFM tip to a surface (Science, 29 January, p. 661).

Future wet suits with surface textures like the thick fur of otters that trap insulating air layers could keep tomorrow's divers warmer in icy waters.

The new ice - scarp studies confirm indications from fresh - crater and neutron - spectrometer observations that a layer rich in water ice begins within just one or two yards of the surface in some areas.

Computer - generated models of sea spray, however, show that at least some ions remain in the surface layer of water.

Most cities provide little in the way of a porous layer of earth or sand through which surface water can permeate.

When the researchers switched the electric current off by deoxygenating the water, thereby removing the electron acceptor at the sediment surface, the depth of the hydrogen sulfide layer in the sediment rose in less than an hour, as deeper microbes could no longer consume it.

Put a drop of superfluid on most surfaces, and it spreads out into a thin layer, rather than beading like water on glass.

The drought that is devastating California and much of the West has dried the region so much that 240 gigatons worth of surface and groundwater have been lost, roughly the equivalent to a 3.9 - inch layer of water over the entire West, or the annual loss of mass from the Greenland Ice Sheet, according to the study.

If they exist, the objects would have some unusual properties: little or no water, because free oxygen would combine with carbon to make carbon monoxide, and perhaps surfaces covered in gooey tar or layers of superhard carbide compounds.

This enabled the research team to reconstruct, for the first time, a detailed picture of the environmental conditions at the ocean's surface, as well as in deeper water layers, over the last 30,000 years.

Essentially, they found that protons from a thin layer of water stretching across the surface of the catalyst detach from the water molecules and attach to oxygen molecules, briefly moving onto the surface of the catalyst to spur the reaction before returning to the water layer.

The resulting ionic liquids are hydrophobic, immiscible with water, and form stable thin layers on surfaces.

They compared isotope measurements on the silica skeletons of diatoms, which store environmental signals from the ocean's surface, with isotope signals from radiolarians, which live in deeper water layers.

Using spectral readings from telescopes at the Keck Observatory in Hawaii, Hand has found high levels of oxidative chemicals such as sulfate, oxygen, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen peroxide on Europa's surface, which are produced as ionizing radiation from Jupiter scours it, splitting apart water molecules and sulfur compounds in the uppermost layers of its ice.

The wind keeps a layer of warm water near the surface in Indonesia, reducing the temperature difference across the Indian Ocean and so minimising the strength of positive IOD events.

No meteorites on Earth have ever been linked with Ceres, so its surface composition remains unknown, though it may be layered with water - rich minerals, and frost might cover its poles.

The two most common surface orientations of snow crystals are those shown: the six - sided face parallel to the layers of water molecules is called the basal face, and the rectangular faces are called prism faces.

Satellite remote sensing can't see below the surface to discern the depth of the seafloor or study the layers of water.

The movement of water in the ocean is determined by many factors including tides; winds; surface waves; internal waves, those that propagate within the layers of the ocean; and differences in temperature, salinity or sea level height.

UNSW Australia researchers have used new water - tracing technology in the Sydney Basin for the first time to determine how groundwater moves in the different layers of rock below the surface.

One intriguing possibility: If fluid water does persist on Mars, life that might have thrived there millions of years ago, when the climate was warmer and wetter, could be hanging on in thin layers of salty water just beneath the surface.

After they die, their detritus slowly sinks from the surface to the sea floor, and there is a layer in the water column, the OMZ, where microbes consume much of the detritus, a process that depletes oxygen through bacterial respiration.

Cassini's measurements revealed that Titan actually bulges a substantial 30 feet, indicating that the moon's surface rides on top of a sloshing layer of water of unknown depth.

«Our group discovered a way to use sphere packing to get all sorts of materials to behave themselves in a water solution before they are sprayed onto surfaces in thin layers and assembled into a module.

New research shows how a layer of water on the surface of ice — even at temperatures well below freezing — can influence everything from the slipperiness of a skating rink to the electrification of thunderclouds

«In that area, like on the eastern boundaries of other tropical oceans, nutrient - rich waters from deeper water layers are transported to the surface,» explains co-author Prof. Dr. Hermann Bange, also from GEOMAR.

She found that in anoxic conditions, when there is no oxygen in the bottom layers of the Chesapeake Bay's waters, dissolved methane built up, probably coming from the mud, and when storms mixed up the invisible layers of the Bay's waters, the methane made it to the surface and into the atmosphere.

«A surface treatment of natural fibers with water - repellent layers alone doesn't provide any progress,» explains Dr. Roland Klein, group manager for design of interfaces in the plastics division at the LBF.

When that cold, fresh water enters the ocean, it forms an extra-chilly layer on the ocean surface around the continent.

Upon mixing with the surface layer, the water will cause an increase in the growth of filamentous algae and elevate the risk of blue - green algal blooms.