Sentences with phrase «synaptic vesicle»

In the late 1990s, he and Reinhard Jahn, now at the Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, determined the structures of some of the key proteins and complexes involved in the process of synaptic vesicle fusion.

Remarkably, there was no difference in energy levels between the two, and both types of boutons had sufficient ATP to support synaptic vesicle cycling.

Richard Scheller has used a combination of biochemistry, molecular biology, and cell biology to identify several key synaptic vesicle and plasma membrane proteins involved in fusion of the neurotransmitter - containing vesicles with the membrane of the presynaptic terminal.

In particular, he characterized the first synaptic vesicle membrane associated protein, v - SNARE or VAMP, and the first plasma membrane associated target proteins, t - SNAREs or syntaxin and SNAP - 25.

Thomas Südhof used powerful biochemical and molecular biological approaches to identify other important synaptic vesicle proteins.

Inhibition of dynamin completely blocks compensatory synaptic vesicle endocytosis.

Discrete Residues in the C < sub > 2 B Domain of Synaptotagmin I Independently Specify Endocytic Rate and Synaptic Vesicle Size.

The next major advance which moved this analysis from a cell physiological to a molecular level was accomplished by Scheller and Südhof who made overlapping contributions that characterized the proteins that controlled the two key steps of transmitter release: 1) They showed the mechanism by which the vesicle is mobilized to the release sites of the presynaptic terminal, where the synaptic vesicle first fuses with the membrane of the sending neuron and then leaves the cell, and 2) they also discovered how Ca2 + drives the vesicle to release its contents.

VAMP - 1: A synaptic vesicle - associated integral membrane protein.

He found that these mice had selective loss of the fast Ca2 + - triggered synaptic vesicle release.

Beginning in 1988 Scheller, then at Stanford, succeeded in characterizing several key proteins necessary for synaptic vesicle fusion with the presynaptic membrane, the prerequisite step for neurotransmitter release.

Because the two molecules bound to one another Scheller proposed that VAMP, the synaptic vesicle protein, bridges to syntaxin, the plasma membrane protein — thereby providing a scaffold onto which the molecular machinery that catalyzes membrane fusion can be assembled.

During this time, we together with our long - time collaborators Reinhard Jahn and Jose Rizo, and in parallel with Richard Scheller and others, discovered the role of SNARE and SM proteins in synaptic vesicle fusion.

The structure of synaptophysin suggests that the protein may function as a channel in the synaptic vesicle membrane, with the carboxyl terminus serving as a binding site for cellular factors.

Nguyen plans on applying IM - LARIAT technology to a living brain, where she would be able to control synaptic vesicle transmission and communication between neurons.

In addition, synapsin II suppression resulted in a selective decrease in the amounts of several synaptic vesicle - associated proteins.

Voltage-gated calcium channels can not form properly when cacophony is mutated, preventing fusion of the synaptic vesicle with the plasma membrane and neurotransmitter release.

Toxins that cleave three different subunits of the vesicular fusion machinery reveal the detailed kinetics of synaptic vesicle release.

We generated knockout mice lacking synaptobrevin / VAMP 2, the vesicular SNARE protein responsible for synaptic vesicle fusion in forebrain synapses, to make use of the exquisite temporal resolution of electrophysiology in measuring fusion.

During synaptic vesicle fusion, the soluble N - ethylmaleimide - sensitive factor — attachment protein receptor (SNARE) protein syntaxin - 1 exhibits two conformations that both bind to Munc18 - 1: a «closed» conformation outside the SNARE complex and an «open» conformation in the SNARE complex.

The synaptic vesicle protein that mediates membrane fusion during exocytosis also regulates the rate and extent of this process by controlling vesicle tethering.

Thus, the closed conformation of syntaxin - 1 gates the initiation of the synaptic vesicle fusion reaction, which is then mediated by SNARE - complex / Munc18 -1 assemblies.

Fluorescently labeled synaptic vesicles inside the axons of cultured neurons were recorded with stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy in a 2.5 - micrometer by 1.8 - micrometer field of view.

This allows synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitter to fuse with the plasma membrane and release the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

Recent studies of the electric fish Torpedo suggest that the source of the acetylcholine emitted by a neuron is the cytoplasm rather than the synaptic vesicles

Before the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane, a protein complex is thought to form between VAMP — an integral membrane protein of the vesicle — and two proteins associated with the plasma membrane, SNAP - 25 and syntaxin.

Complementary DNA and genomic clones were isolated and sequenced corresponding to rat and human synaptophysin (p38), a major integral membrane protein of synaptic vesicles.

Synaptic vesicles are chock - full with neurotransmitters and release them by fusing with the presynaptic plasma membrane.

We now know that each quantum, consisting of a collection of around 5000 transmitter molecules, is contained in a little round organelle in the presynaptic terminal that Sanford Palay and George Palade had earlier discovered and called the «synaptic vesicl.e» Neurotransmitter is released from these synaptic vesicles to the outside of the neuron in response to the influx of Ca2 + into the presynaptic terminal.

The basic process by which signals pass through the brain involves neurotransmitters, which are carried inside the synaptic vesicles, being passed across synapses — the junctions between neurons.

These changes gave me the pleasure of always learning something new about how synaptic vesicles and synapses work, although these changes unfortunately have not improved my looks.

This was found to interfere with the same mechanism, essentially by impairing the ability of alpha - synuclein to regulate the flow of synaptic vesicles, and hence compromising the signalling between neurons.

The study involved lab - based experiments in which synthetic vesicles, modelling the synaptic vesicles found the brain, were exposed to alpha - synuclein.

«It is a sort of shepherding effect by alpha - synuclein that occurs away from the synapse itself, and controls the number of synaptic vesicles used in each transmission,» Fusco said.

Whittaker was the scientist who first isolated synaptic vesicles in the 1960s.

«Ultimately this affects the amount of cholesterol that can get into the membranes of the neuron, which form the synapses and the synaptic vesicles — the small structures that contain neurotransmitters.»

Mobilization and fusion of a non-recycling pool of synaptic vesicles under conditions of endocytic blockade.

To determine whether the protein in question, at the time known as BNPI, mediated the transport of glutamate into synaptic vesicles, the researchers inserted the BNPI DNA into rat cells that normally lacked BNPI protein.

The presynaptic dense projection of the Caenorhabditis elegans cholinergic neuromuscular junction localizes synaptic vesicles at the active zone through SYD - 2 / liprin and UNC - 10 / RIM - dependent interactions.

Channels, which allow a compound such as glutamate to move from a compartment with high concentrations to one with low concentrations, but not vice versa, can not pump as large amounts of a compound into synaptic vesicles as a transporter can.

Roles of BLOC - 1 and adaptor protein - 3 complexes in cargo sorting to synaptic vesicles.

While neurotransmitters are created in the interior of the cell, they are pumped, in large quantity, into synaptic vesicles tucked into the wall of a nerve cell's so - called «terminal,» the launch pad from which chemical messages are released from the cell.

«Without this specialized neurotransmitter recycling and endocytosis, synaptic vesicles are not recycled fast enough to keep up with nerve and muscle cell activity,» she said.

Electron microscopic studies revealed that the presynaptic terminal of the neuron transmitting the information is filled with synaptic vesicles, small organelles containing thousands of molecules of a chemical neurotransmitter.

Chaudhry FA, Reimer RJ, Bellocchio EE, Danbolt NC, Osen KK, Edwards RH, Storm - Mathisen J (1998) The vesicular GABA transporter, VGAT, localizes to synaptic vesicles in sets of glycinergic as well as GABAergic neurons J Neurosci, 18 (23), 9733 - 50 PubMed 9822734

During an action potential, calcium influx into the presynaptic terminal triggers the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane, leading to the release of transmitter through the process of exocytosis.

Electron microscopy had also given researchers a glimpse of the tiny bubble - like containers called synaptic vesicles that hold thousands of molecules of neuro - transmitter close to the pre-synaptic membrane.

The identification of proteins, VGLUT1 - 3 (Neuron 2001, PNAS 2002), that pump glutamate into synaptic vesicles allows the packaging of the transmitter to be characterised in health and disease (J Comp Neurol 2004, 2006, 2007) and modified by gene knock - out (Science 2004).

Not exact matches

I ache to see your action potential in action To be blinded by the searing speed of your electric signal As it sparks from node to node To behold the violent beauty of vesicles fusing with your presynaptic membrane — Pouring their contents into your synaptic cleft How I wish to be your postsynaptic cell So that I may be flooded by your molecules

«Full» vesicles move toward the membrane of the nerve terminal, represented by the overall outline of the figure, where they attach and fuse into the terminal membrane, thereby releasing the transmitter into the space between neurons, the synaptic cleft.