To understand the underlying technology, it is important to know that these biological sensors consist
of synthetic genes that are read by enzymes and converted into RNA and proteins.
Could go to Michael Elowitz and James Collins for their pioneering work on
synthetic gene networks harnessing DNA, RNA and protein chemisty, with possible inclusion of Craig Venter or George Church for their pioneering work on DNA synthesis.
Until recently, technical limitations precluded the construction of
synthetic gene drives systems capable of functioning in the wild.
Over the last 17 years, scientists and engineers have
developed synthetic gene circuits that can program the functionality, performance, and behavior of living cells.
The genetically modified organism (GMO) is wheat Triticum aestivum, which has been transformed with one or both of the
following synthetic genes: (E)- β - farnesene synthase and farnesyl diphosphate synthase.
Significant advances in
synthetic gene production have raised a critical question for industry leaders and national security experts: How can the research and trade in tailor - made DNA continue while assuring that the materials aren't available to criminals and terrorists?
«We have performed a very innovative and ambitious study: we applied a three - step approach for the effective exploration and creation of
successful synthetic gene circuits.
Using cutting - edge technologies, the team of collaborators from Wyss, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston University, Arizona State University, Cornell University, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Broad Institute, and the University of Toronto have developed a cell - free, paper - based platform that can
host synthetic gene networks for use outside of the lab.
In October 2014, corresponding author James Collins from Harvard University and colleagues created a technique for
implanting synthetic gene systems on handy, small discs of ordinary paper.
The technology included a variety of expression systems, including the wheat germ cell free translation system for eukaryotic gene expression, to
take synthetic gene sequences and translate them into proteins.
Applications for the
new synthetic gene drive system could include spreading genetic elements that confer susceptibility to certain environmental factors, such as temperature.
Streamlining the construction
of synthetic gene networks has led a team of Boston University researchers to develop a technique that couples libraries of diversified components with computer modeling to guide predictable gene network construction without the back and forth tweaking...
Prasher soon received a $ 200,000 grant from the American Cancer Society to clone
his synthetic gene.
As he had hoped,
his synthetic genes and the real ones were similar enough for the DNA base pairs to stick together.
Prasher promised that he would get in touch with Chalfie once he had cloned
the synthetic gene.
We cut the phages» DNA and insert
a synthetic gene into the phage genome.
Using gene therapy to insert the gene, they expressed
the synthetic gene in adult mice or in zebrafish embryos, and witnessed remote activation of neurons the presence of a magnetic field through the altered behavior of the animals.
Michael Wheeler, left, and Ali Deniz Güler engineered
a synthetic gene that, used in conjunction with a magnetic field, allows them to control neural circuits.
They built a set of
synthetic genes that function in cells like NOR gates, commonly used in electronics, which each take two inputs and only pass on a positive signal if both inputs are negative.
Researchers at MIT have developed
a synthetic gene circuit that triggers the body's immune system to attack cancers when it detects signs of the disease.
Güler and Wheeler call
their synthetic gene «Magneto,» after a Marvel Comics cartoon character who can alter magnetic fields.
Using gene therapy to insert the gene, they expressed
the synthetic gene in adult mice or in zebrafish embryos, and witnessed remote activation of neurons in the presence of a magnetic field through the altered behavior of the animals.
University of Virginia scientists have demonstrated that neurons in the brain that have been supplemented with
a synthetic gene can be remotely manipulated by a magnetic field.
«These response behaviors, in two separate species of animals, validate that the cells containing
the synthetic gene turn on in a magnetic field,» Wheeler noted.
Researchers working with Martin Fussenegger, Professor at the Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering at ETH Zurich in Basel, have now presented a possible solution for this problem:
a synthetic gene network that serves as an early warning system.
b. Creating synthetic receptors or signals of cancer, i.e. when cancer related miRNA is activated, you have it also activate
a synthetic gene or protein, that is expressed on the membrane surface to activate apoptosis.
In their study, the researchers used
a synthetic gene, called a reporter gene, which was engineered to have a high proportion of the amino acid lysine, which is especially rich in accessible hydrogen atoms.
Validation of RNAi silencing specificity using
synthetic genes: Salicylic acid - binding protein 2 is required for innate immunity in plants