Not exact matches
You may recall that the original impetus for focusing on this previously unexplored set
of skills, in How Children Succeed and elsewhere, was the growing body
of evidence that, when it comes to long - term academic goals like high - school graduation and college graduation, the
test scores on which our current educational
accountability system relies are clearly inadequate.
«The NASUWT remains clear that a fit for purpose
accountability system should consider the performance
of schools in the round and not solely on the basis
of narrowly focused
test and examination results.»
While the Common Core standards emphasize development
of reasoning and critical - thinking skills, the standards» perpetuation
of a
test - driven
accountability system and teacher - directed learning environment compromises children's development
of these higher - order skills.
Absent persuasive evidence on the impact
of efforts to raise the bar, some people have speculated that the rise
of test - based
accountability associated with NCLB and the ongoing push to establish more - rigorous teacher evaluation
systems have made teaching less attractive and thereby contributed to further decline in the quality
of the teaching corps.
The evidence from Florida also suggests that the gains produced by such an
accountability system are real indicators
of improvement in learning, and not simply teaching to the
test, cheating, or other manipulations
of the
testing system.
The question
of whether
testing and
accountability systems are an effective reform tool has seldom been the subject
of rigorous research.
Many states need to revamp their policies for including limited - English - proficient students in state
tests and
accountability systems if they want to continue receiving all
of their federal Title I aid, according to the Department
of Education.
And yet the Every Student Succeeds Act, NCLB's successor law, still mandates standardized
testing of students and requires states to have
accountability systems.
After years
of stagnation in the late 1980s and early 1990s, achievement began to rise again in the late «90s — particularly in the earlier grades and most notably in math — as states set new academic standards, started
testing their students regularly, and installed their own versions
of «consequential
accountability»
systems.
Complaints about pay and working conditions are the most common explanations among teachers, but many cite a lack
of administrative support, flawed
accountability systems, and the drudgery
of paperwork and
testing.
David J. Deming sits down with EdNext's Marty West to discuss his new study on the effects
of a
test - based
accountability system in Texas on the Education Next Podcast.
The measures used in the NEPC report — whether schools make AYP, state
accountability system ratings, the percentage
of students that score proficient on state
tests, and high - school graduation rates — are at best rough proxies for the quality
of education provided by any school.
These lessons focus primarily on the transparency
of the
systems, but this is just one
of several principles that states should attend to (which I have offered previously):
Accountability systems should actually measure school effectiveness, not just
test scores.
• There was near unanimity among the task force members (myself excluded), the State Board
of Education, and the California Department
of Education that NCLB - era
accountability systems were excessively punitive, and that the focus should instead be on «continuous improvement,» rather than «
test - and - punish.»
When the MEAP high - school exam was a no - stakes
test, students had no reason to try their best on the primary indicator
of performance in the state's high - school
accountability system.
As noted above, one
of the benefits
of the analysis presented here is that it relies on student performance on NAEP, which should be relatively immune from such
test - score «inflation» since it is not used as a high - stakes
test under NCLB or any other
accountability system.
Thus, while Koretz has reason to be concerned about the perils
of test - based
accountability, evidence from DCPS suggests that it can work — when «it» is a nuanced
system that uses more than
tests alone to evaluate schools and teachers (more on this below).
The Sunshine State had instituted school voucher programs, increased the number
of charter schools, and devised a sophisticated
accountability system that evaluates schools on the basis
of their progress as measured by the Florida Comprehensive Assessment
Test (FCAT).
Currently, he is examining the design and evaluation
of test - focused educational
accountability systems.
None
of the highest performing nations have
accountability based
systems that link student
test performance to teacher pay.
He is currently directing studies that will explore new methods for evaluating gains in scores on high - stakes
tests and evaluate the use
of value - added models in educational
accountability systems.
But the standards are not the source
of flaws in state
accountability systems; the culprits are the state
tests.
For the most part, however, his critiques
of test - based
accountability do not shed light on how non —
test - based
systems might confront that central dilemma.
Texas education officials have announced a sweeping review
of test security and a new monitoring plan for the state
accountability system after a newspaper investigation alleged that assessment results for hundreds
of schools throughout the state — including one celebrated elementary school in Houston — showed evidence
of cheating and other irregularities.
One harbinger might be California Governor Jerry Brown's veto
of a bill to tweak his state's
accountability system by adding «multiple - measures» to a
test - score laden index.
In good measure, the failures
of the current
system have festered as long as they have because many
of the advocates
of test - based
accountability simply didn't want to face the evidence.
For example, ESSA only slightly broadens the focus from
test scores, does nothing to confront Campbell's Law, * doesn't allow for reasonable variations among students, doesn't take context into account, doesn't make use
of professional judgment, and largely or entirely (depending on the choices states» departments
of education make) continues to exclude the quality
of educators» practice from the mandated
accountability system.
So by focusing so specifically on reading and math
tests, our
accountability systems can actually diminish the value
of reading and math
tests.
We looked at differences among the states in terms
of their placement rates into special education — often one way to exclude students from state
tests — and at whether these differences were related to the introduction
of state
accountability systems.
Moreover, summative assessment sat at the core
of many
of the policy reforms that the leaders described: additional
accountability levers such as teacher evaluation
systems and statewide school report cards draw on data coming out
of these summative
tests to make determinations and comparisons regarding teacher and school - level performance.
Other countries may be able to impose meaningful
systems of test - based
accountability, but the decentralized nature
of American education and politics gives far more power to organized groups
of upper - middle - class families and educators than to the technocratic elite.
We know, from work by Eric Hanushek and Macke Raymond, among others, that the adoption
of test - based
accountability systems boosted achievement in the late 90s in the early - adopter states.
The pattern
of test scores in Texas and the nation suggest that consequential
accountability — adopted early by Texas, then by more states, and finally by the nation as a whole — was a shock to the U.S. school
system that altered the ecosystem and led to a different outcome than had existed before.
These
testing and
accountability systems don't provide accurate measures
of individual academic growth.
New York has the best state
system of school
accountability in the country, according to «
Testing the Testers 2003.»
Vallas had based his
accountability system almost entirely on what percentage
of all students scored at or above national averages on the norm - referenced Iowa
Test of Basic Skills.
The NCLB
accountability system divides schools into those in which a sufficient number
of students score at the proficient level or above on state
tests to meet Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) benchmarks («make AYP») and those that fail to make AYP.
If one wants to assess the effect
of high - stakes
testing, the obvious comparison is between states that adopted
accountability systems and those that did not.
North Carolina education officials last week ordered a major audit
of the state's
testing and
accountability program to determine the soundness
of the
system after problems emerged over interim scoring measures for the state's end -
of - grade math exam.
The heart
of an
accountability system lies not in the words
of standards documents but in the
tests and other assessments that are used to determine whether the standards have been met.
If lawmakers were to embrace a results - based
accountability system, the record
of testing and progress could then replace the record
of procedures and services.
With the advent
of competitive reforms such as merit pay,
test - based
accountability, and market - based
systems like vouchers and charters, we are already seeing unintended consequences in the forms
of cheating, competition for scarce resources, and a
system of winners and losers.
Within the evolving standards and
accountability movement, states (rather than the nation or school districts) have borne the responsibility to develop standards,
tests linked to those standards, and a
system of rewards and punishments for schools depending on their performance.
But the absence
of a relationship between average school
test scores and incumbents» electoral fortunes in the 2002 and 2004 school board elections raises important questions about the assumptions underlying
accountability systems.
Longtime Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley had won control over the school
system in 1995 and generally received accolades for rising scores on state
tests; hard - charging superintendents, including Paul Vallas and Arne Duncan; tough
accountability measures such as reduced social promotion; and a slew
of new schools and shiny buildings.
Do conservatives want to continue to live under a waiver policy that grants the U.S. Department
of Education the authority to micromanage states» annual
tests,
accountability systems, and teacher evaluation approaches?
Alexander indicated that he was strongly influenced by the recommendation made at a hearing last week by Professor Marty West
of Harvard University that the federal government continue to require annual
tests but that it leave the design
of accountability systems up to the states.
The two programs were seen by many conservatives as executive overreach, and when ESEA was reauthorized in 2015 as the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), NCLB standardized
testing requirements were kept, but the evaluation and
accountability systems meant to respond to the results
of those
tests became the responsibility
of individual states.
Yet because NCLB has made
accountability tests the tail that wags the dog
of the whole education
system — threatening remediation and state takeover for schools that fall short — what's not
tested often isn't taught.
Many educators were proud
of this, but it had some
of the same problems as the first year, primarily an inability to be «transparent» to the standardized
test — based
accountability system in use by the school district.