What is unclear is whether that abundance reflects the frequency with which co-option occurs in nature or whether it is the result of ascertainment bias (
systematic sampling errors introduced by how biologists study evo - devo).
Not exact matches
We assess both random and
systematic sources of
error and include a discussion of
sample selection for giants in the Kepler fields.
Indeed, globally averaged
systematic observation biases,
sampling array issues and steric changes below 1500m depth together are smaller than the
error of SLRES.
On the contrary, they introduce the (2006) chronology as having been constructed to illustrate a statistical tradeoff between random
sampling error and
systematic error:
In many statistical applications, there is a balance between minimising random
sampling error and minimising
systematic error (i.e. a trade - off between variance and bias).
Errors in these adjustments can be large and could well be
systematic, meaning they don't average out with multiple
samples.
As an example
sampling the Southern oceans must happen in essentially same areas and using methods with
errors that don't move in either direction systematically, but as long as there are no such
systematic trends the results are not particularly sensitive to
errors of individual measurements.
Both
systematic and random
errors are of concern, the former particularly, because of the changes in technology and
sampling methods over the many decades, the latter from the very great spatial and temporal variability implied by Figs. 2, 6, and 8.
Both
systematic and random
errors are of concern, the former particularly, because of the changes in technology and
sampling methods over the many decades, the latter from the very great spatial and temporal variability.
In so doing, such REPLICATION also tests for
systematic errors and
sample dependence, yielding a much more robust verification than mere «auditing» or repetition.
It is difficult to assign
error bars to all of the terms because structural
errors are the main ones of importance; these arise from
systematic sampling and instrumental
errors for example.