The West Point and the McMaster / York studies did use live
lectures, and the goals of each study were specific: Put very broadly, one studied overall performance in an actual live -
lecture course in conditions with or without laptop as naturally used by the student, or
tablet as a medium for class resource material; and the other looked at comprehension of material in a simulated, scripted single
lecture in conditions of multi-tasking or spillover effects of laptop use
during class.