Not exact matches
The research team found that when it increased levels of E-NTPDase2 in
tadpole embryos that consisted of only eight cells, they could cause parts of the
eye to form not only on the heads of the amphibians, but also in tissues in other parts of their bodies, including their tails.
And in related experiments, he made
tadpoles grow
eyes on their stomachs by changing the electrical properties of cells to mimic those associated with
eye formation.
Their transformation from egg to
tadpole to adult is rapid, and it's visible to the naked
eye.
Because changing the light's color couldn't indicate whether the
tadpoles» transplanted
eyes were functional, the researchers turned to a more sophisticated experiment.
This
tadpole has no
eyes in its head, but it can see just fine out of the one transplanted onto its tail (arrow).
In these
tadpoles, the
eyes» axons almost universally connected with either the spinal cord or the gut.
Only
tadpoles whose transplanted
eyes formed connections with their spinal cord managed to learn;
eyes that instead connected to the gut were apparently useless.
In contrast, about 10 % of
tadpoles with transplanted
eyes were able to learn to avoid the red side of the petri dish, compared with about 40 % of the
tadpoles with intact
eyes.
The blind
tadpoles with no
eyes still reacted when the light changed.
The study's lead author, Michael Levin, and his colleague Douglas Blackiston took
tadpoles of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) whose
eyes had been surgically removed and transplanted «donor» eyeballs — one per
tadpole — along various points on the back.
Inside the slowly spinning tube, the big
eyes of a red -
eyed tree frog
tadpole stare back.
The reflex is
eye movement that keeps a
tadpole's gaze fixed on an object while its head moves, keeping its field of vision in focus.
The technique sheds light (literally) on how transplanted tissue interacts with the nervous system — only the
tadpoles whose transplanted
eyes connected to their spinal cord, rather than their gut, seemed to be able to see.
Despite the remarkable ability of EFTF - expressing pluripotent cells to form
eye - like structures on the
tadpole flank, it was not possible to record ERGs because of the small size of the induced flank
eyes (flank
eye volume: 0.007 ± 0.003 mm3; control
eye volume: 0.021 ± 0.002 mm3, at stage 41, N = 5).
To determine if mitotic cells were present in the periphery of flank
eyes,
tadpoles were briefly placed in a solution containing 5 - bromo -2-deoxyuridine (BrdU).
Researchers removed an
eye from one
tadpole's head and attached it to the skin of another.
When tested,
tadpoles used their induced
eyes to detect light and to engage in a vision - based behavior.
However, when forced to express the
eye field transcription factor (EFTF) genes, the cells differentiate into all seven retinal cell classes and eventually organize themselves into a functioning
eye that can detect light and guide
tadpoles in a vision - based behavior.
(C) Whole
tadpole bright field image overlayed with fluorescent image, showing flank
eye (yellow box) on top of gut (dashed line).
Adjusting electric charges in that second
tadpole's cells helped its new, third
eye connect to its new body.
For their latest study, they removed the left
eye from one
tadpole and attached it near the tail of another
tadpole.
Studies from the Tseng lab showed that
tadpoles successfully repair their complex
eye after injury or loss.
They studied the characteristics of different frog species throughout the world (Lucy's personal favorite is the red -
eyed tree frog), they got an up - close - and - personal view of the life cycle of a frog by caring for an aquarium full of
tadpoles, and they wove their study of frogs into a wide variety of reading, writing, and art activities.
Many don budding crystals painted bright blue or a slimy green, another «cup» whose interior is painted with squiggly,
eye - ball
tadpoles, is filled with black painted fingers covered in tiny bugs.