Despite these challenges, the authors were still able to emphasize broader trends in heavy metal accumulation in the Providence area, namely decreases in lead concentrations due in part to Environmental Protection Agency regulations but also to
targeted remediation efforts in a historically active industrial area.
Program evaluation has supported this multifaceted approach in multiple countries and settings.83 Analyses by Nobel Prize — winning economist James Heckman reveal that early prevention activities
targeted toward disadvantaged children have high rates of economic returns, much higher than remediation efforts later in childhood or adult life.84 For example, the Perry Preschool Program showed an average rate of return of $ 8.74 for every dollar invested in early childhood education.85 Targeted interventions foster protective factors, including responsive, nurturing, cognitively stimulating, consistent, and stable parenting by either birth parents or other consistent
targeted toward disadvantaged children have high rates of economic returns, much higher than
remediation efforts later in childhood or adult life.84 For example, the Perry Preschool Program showed an average rate of return of $ 8.74 for every dollar invested in early childhood education.85
Targeted interventions foster protective factors, including responsive, nurturing, cognitively stimulating, consistent, and stable parenting by either birth parents or other consistent
Targeted interventions foster protective factors, including responsive, nurturing, cognitively stimulating, consistent, and stable parenting by either birth parents or other consistent adults.