Some of what I attribute to the 8th grade might have occurred in previous years, if the student had had multiple years of schooling from
a teacher of the same gender.
The majority of arguments for single - sex schools and classrooms focus on the effects on interactions among students, but they also present the possibility of greatly increasing the number of students with
teachers of the same gender.
For both black boys and black girls, the effect of a same - race teacher (comparing
teachers of the same gender) is larger than the effect of a same - gender teacher (comparing teachers of the same race).
Not exact matches
The overall results — the average for the three subject areas — indicate an average positive impact on student achievement
of 4 percent
of a standard deviation whenever the
teacher - student
gender was the
same (see Figure 3).
Some may therefore find in these results a strong case for a particular form
of single - sex education, where
teachers and students share the
same gender.
Early in the 20th century, opposition to overt discrimination and demand for greater
teacher skills led to the current single - salary schedule, which pays the
same salary to
teachers with the
same qualifications regardless
of grade level taught,
gender, or race.
Still, to double - check this possibility, I isolate those situations where students
of different
genders had the
same teacher.
Because
teachers were considering intangible factors, even when race,
gender, family income, and academic achievement are the
same, there was no way to isolate the effect
of being held back, much less to make reasonable conclusions about the effects
of retention on a student's academic achievement or the probability
of his dropping out
of high school.
To eliminate the effects
of any chance differences in performance caused by other observable characteristics, our analysis takes into account students» age,
gender, race, and eligibility for the free lunch program; whether they had been assigned to a small class; and whether they were assigned to a
teacher of the
same race — which earlier research using these
same data found to have a large positive effect on student performance (see «The Race Connection,» Spring 2004).
In addition, we control for determinants
of student achievement that may change over time, such as a
teacher's experience level, as well as for student characteristics, such as prior - year test scores,
gender, racial / ethnic subgroup, special education classification, gifted classification, English proficiency classification, and whether the student was retained in the
same grade.
Teacher candidates are also more likely to work with CTs
of the
same gender and race, and are more likely to be placed with CTs and in schools with administrators who graduated from the candidate's TEP.
However, when the
same items are used with
teachers, confirmatory factor analysis showed that urban and suburban samples shared the
same factor structure, and that the factor structure showed only small differences by
gender, age, school grade, or severity
of ADHD symptom counts (Wolraich et al., 2002).