Full
temperature data sets from the Arctic reveal it is warmer today than in 1940.
«Because the data with respect to in - situ surface air temperature across Africa is sparse, a oneyear regional assessment for Africa could not be based on any of the three standard global surface air
temperature data sets from NOAANCDC, NASA - GISS or HadCRUT4 Instead, the combination of the Global Historical Climatology Network and the Climate Anomaly Monitoring System (CAMS GHCN) by NOAA's Earth System Research Laboratory was used to estimate surface air temperature patterns»
The paper discusses four different sets of data on satellite atmospheric monitoring (all producing slightly different end products), two radiosonde data sets (from UK Hadley Centre and University of Vienna, both adjusted for inhomogeneities — and that opens another can of worms), four different surface temperature data sets (based on reconstructed sea surface
temperature data sets from Hadley Centre, again, and Climate Research Unit).
«Because the data with respect to in - situ surface air temperature across Africa is sparse, a one - year regional assessment for Africa could not be based on any of the three standard global surface air
temperature data sets from NOAA - NCDC, NASA - GISS or HadCRUT4.»
WMO - «Because the data with respect to in - situ surface air temperature across Africa is sparse, a oneyear regional assessment for Africa could not be based on any of the three standard global surface air
temperature data sets from NOAANCDC, NASA - GISS or HadCRUT4 Instead, the combination of the Global Historical Climatology Network and the Climate Anomaly Monitoring System (CAMS GHCN) by NOAA's Earth System Research Laboratory was used to estimate s
The authors compared recently constructed
temperature data sets from Antarctica, based on data from ice cores and ground weather stations, to 20th century simulations from computer models used by scientists to simulate global climate.
Fig. 3 The NASA data of global temperature compared to the uncorrected raw data (light blue) and two global
temperature data sets from other institutes.
One is the HADISST sea ice and sea surface
temperature data set from the Hadley Centre (which also covers the southern hemisphere), the other is from Kinnard et al. (2008).
James Hansen: Would You Buy a Used
Temperature Data Set from This Man?
Not exact matches
The researchers analyzed
temperature records for the years 1881 to 2013
from HadCRUT4, a widely used
data set for land and sea locations compiled by the University of East Anglia and the U.K. Met Office.
Kalnay and Cai developed a more precise measurement by comparing one
set of long - term
temperature data recorded
from satellite and weather balloons, which detect the effects of warming
from greenhouse gases, with another
set recorded at ground level by 1,982 weather stations across the continent.
«NASA has access to large - scale oceanographic
data sets ranging
from primary productivity to ocean
temperature, currents and wind,» Moore said.
Instead trying to make sense of «controversial tree ring
data sets», I've spent much of my time looking at
temperature data sets and fossil records
from the late Paleocene and early Eocene.
To figure out the relative contributions
from all these potential factors, the WWA program team did a simple analysis that matched up surface
temperature measurements going back to 1880 with two other
sets of
data.
While there remain disparities among different tropospheric
temperature trends estimated
from satellite Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU and advanced MSU) measurements since 1979, and all likely still contain residual errors, estimates have been substantially improved (and
data set differences reduced) through adjustments for issues of changing satellites, orbit decay and drift in local crossing time (i.e., diurnal cycle effects).
Other attempts to extract
temperature info
from a matrix of tree ring chronologies using a statistical fitting procedure have to pass statistical tests benchmarked with reference to the characteristics of the specific
data set being studied.
After the removal
from the
data set of short periods of
temperature perturbation that relate to near - equator volcanic eruption, we use derivatives to document the presence of a 5 - to 7 - month delayed close relationship between SOI and GTTA.
However, comparison of the global, annual mean time series of near - surface
temperature (approximately 0 to 5 m depth)
from this analysis and the corresponding SST series based on a subset of the International Comprehensive Ocean - Atmosphere
Data Set (ICOADS) database (approximately 134 million SST observations; Smith and Reynolds, 2003 and additional data) shows a high correlation (r = 0.96) for the period 1955 to 2
Data Set (ICOADS) database (approximately 134 million SST observations; Smith and Reynolds, 2003 and additional
data) shows a high correlation (r = 0.96) for the period 1955 to 2
data) shows a high correlation (r = 0.96) for the period 1955 to 2005.
Pages of Download Grade 2 Practice Sheets: 1 - Cover 2 - For the Teacher 3 - 6 - Measurement Length 7 - 11 - Measurement Height 12 - 15 - Place Value 16 - 20 - Ordinal Numbers 21 - 25 - Smallest / Largest Number in a
set of numbers 26 - 29 - Greater than 30 - 33 - Less than 34 - 36 - Greater than / Less than 37 - 39 - Add or subtract write the sign in the blank 40 - 45 - Adding using place value (example: 4 + 13 + 5) 46 - 51 - Adding with words - Example - what is 150 more than 200 52 - 55 - Skip Counting 56 - 59 - Skip Counting - Missing Numbers on a Number line 60 - 65 - Reading Graphs 65 - 71 - Solving Word Problems 72 - 76 - Time 77 - 83 - Coin Identification and Coin counting 84 - 88 - Counting Dollars and coins 89 - 92 - Geometry 93 - 96 - Fractions 97 - 115 - Answer Keys 116 - 118 - Terms of Use and Credits Pages of Download Grade 3 Practice Sheets: 1 - Cover 2 - For the Teacher 3 - 6 - Measurement Length 7 - 11 - Measurement Height 12 - 19 - Place Value 20 - 24 - Find the smallest / largest number
from a
set of numbers 25 - 28 - Number Words 29 - 32 - Skip Counting - complete the sequence 33 - 37 - Counting dollars and coins 38 - 48 - Reading thermometers -
temperature 49 - 53 - Reading graphs 54 - 57 - Reading Calendars 58 - 62 - Numerators and Denominators 63 - 67 - Fraction Circles 68 - 72 - Fractions of a solid 73 - 78 - Word Problems 79 - 83 - Data Tables 84 - 88 - Multi-Step Word Problems 89 - 92 - Rounding to the nearest ten 93 - 96 - Rounding to the nearest hundred 97 - 100 - Rounding word problems 101 - 103 - Probability 104 - 107 - Geometry - identifying shapes 108 - 110 - Height of a triangle 111 - 113 - Angles identifying right, acute, and obtuse 114 - 117 - Symmetry and Angles 118 - 121 - Perimeter 122 - 125 - Area 126 - 129 - Elapsed Time 130 - 155 - Answer Keys 156 - 158 - Credits and Terms of Use Pages of Download Grade 4 practice sheets: 1 - Cover 2 - For the Teacher 3 - 6 - Measurement Length 7 - 11 - Patterns 12 - 15 - Parallel and Perpendicular Lines 16 - 26 - Reading Temperature 27 - 31 - Reading Graphs 32 - 36 - Coordinate Graphs 37 - 41 - Skip Counting - complete the sequence 42 - 46 - Place Value 47 - 50 - Number Words 51 - 55 - Powers of 10 56 - 60 - Adding using Place Value 61 - 70 - Fractions 71 - 75 - Fraction Word Problems 76 - 80 - Convert Fractions to Decimals 81 - 85 - Convert Decimals to Fractions 86 - 90 - Height of a figure 91 - 95 - Missing Number in an equation 96 - 100 - Balancing Equations 101 - 105 - Data Tables - ordering numbers 106 - 110 - Data Table Addition 111 - 115 - Data Table Time 116 - 120 - Data Table Subtraction 121 - 125 - Estimation Word Problems 126 - 130 - Ratio Word Problems 131 - 134 - Probability 135 - 140 - Spinner Probability 141 - 145 - Arrays 146 - 173 - Answer Keys 174 - 177 - Credits and Terms of Use Pages of Download Grade 5 Sheets: 1 - Cover 2 - For the Teacher 3 - 7 - Units of Measure 8 - 12 - Reading Graphs 13 - 17 - Number Words 18 - 22 - Place Value 23 - 27 - Decimal Place Value 28 - 32 - Rounding Numbers 33 - 37 - Complete the sequence, skip counting 38 - 42 - Solving Equations 43 - 47 - Variable Equations 48 - 52 - Simplify Expressions 53 - 57 - Finding the Mean 58 - 62 - Mean, Median, Mode 63 - 67 - Greatest Common Factor 68 - 72 - Fractions 73 - 77 - Comparing a set of Fractions 78 - 83 - Comparing Multiple Fractions 84 - 93 - Fraction Word Problems 94 - 98 - Estimating / Estimation Word Problems 99 - 103 - Possible Outcome Problems 104 - 108 - Distance Word Problems 109 - 113 - Division Word Problems 114 - 118 - Ratio Word Problems 119 - 124 - Coordinate Graphs 125 - 130 - Perimeter 131 - 135 - Area 136 - 145 Elapsed Time Clocks and Watches 146 - 171 - Answer Keys 172 - 175 - Credits and T
temperature 49 - 53 - Reading graphs 54 - 57 - Reading Calendars 58 - 62 - Numerators and Denominators 63 - 67 - Fraction Circles 68 - 72 - Fractions of a solid 73 - 78 - Word Problems 79 - 83 -
Data Tables 84 - 88 - Multi-Step Word Problems 89 - 92 - Rounding to the nearest ten 93 - 96 - Rounding to the nearest hundred 97 - 100 - Rounding word problems 101 - 103 - Probability 104 - 107 - Geometry - identifying shapes 108 - 110 - Height of a triangle 111 - 113 - Angles identifying right, acute, and obtuse 114 - 117 - Symmetry and Angles 118 - 121 - Perimeter 122 - 125 - Area 126 - 129 - Elapsed Time 130 - 155 - Answer Keys 156 - 158 - Credits and Terms of Use Pages of Download Grade 4 practice sheets: 1 - Cover 2 - For the Teacher 3 - 6 - Measurement Length 7 - 11 - Patterns 12 - 15 - Parallel and Perpendicular Lines 16 - 26 - Reading
Temperature 27 - 31 - Reading Graphs 32 - 36 - Coordinate Graphs 37 - 41 - Skip Counting - complete the sequence 42 - 46 - Place Value 47 - 50 - Number Words 51 - 55 - Powers of 10 56 - 60 - Adding using Place Value 61 - 70 - Fractions 71 - 75 - Fraction Word Problems 76 - 80 - Convert Fractions to Decimals 81 - 85 - Convert Decimals to Fractions 86 - 90 - Height of a figure 91 - 95 - Missing Number in an equation 96 - 100 - Balancing Equations 101 - 105 - Data Tables - ordering numbers 106 - 110 - Data Table Addition 111 - 115 - Data Table Time 116 - 120 - Data Table Subtraction 121 - 125 - Estimation Word Problems 126 - 130 - Ratio Word Problems 131 - 134 - Probability 135 - 140 - Spinner Probability 141 - 145 - Arrays 146 - 173 - Answer Keys 174 - 177 - Credits and Terms of Use Pages of Download Grade 5 Sheets: 1 - Cover 2 - For the Teacher 3 - 7 - Units of Measure 8 - 12 - Reading Graphs 13 - 17 - Number Words 18 - 22 - Place Value 23 - 27 - Decimal Place Value 28 - 32 - Rounding Numbers 33 - 37 - Complete the sequence, skip counting 38 - 42 - Solving Equations 43 - 47 - Variable Equations 48 - 52 - Simplify Expressions 53 - 57 - Finding the Mean 58 - 62 - Mean, Median, Mode 63 - 67 - Greatest Common Factor 68 - 72 - Fractions 73 - 77 - Comparing a set of Fractions 78 - 83 - Comparing Multiple Fractions 84 - 93 - Fraction Word Problems 94 - 98 - Estimating / Estimation Word Problems 99 - 103 - Possible Outcome Problems 104 - 108 - Distance Word Problems 109 - 113 - Division Word Problems 114 - 118 - Ratio Word Problems 119 - 124 - Coordinate Graphs 125 - 130 - Perimeter 131 - 135 - Area 136 - 145 Elapsed Time Clocks and Watches 146 - 171 - Answer Keys 172 - 175 - Credits and T
Temperature 27 - 31 - Reading Graphs 32 - 36 - Coordinate Graphs 37 - 41 - Skip Counting - complete the sequence 42 - 46 - Place Value 47 - 50 - Number Words 51 - 55 - Powers of 10 56 - 60 - Adding using Place Value 61 - 70 - Fractions 71 - 75 - Fraction Word Problems 76 - 80 - Convert Fractions to Decimals 81 - 85 - Convert Decimals to Fractions 86 - 90 - Height of a figure 91 - 95 - Missing Number in an equation 96 - 100 - Balancing Equations 101 - 105 -
Data Tables - ordering numbers 106 - 110 -
Data Table Addition 111 - 115 -
Data Table Time 116 - 120 -
Data Table Subtraction 121 - 125 - Estimation Word Problems 126 - 130 - Ratio Word Problems 131 - 134 - Probability 135 - 140 - Spinner Probability 141 - 145 - Arrays 146 - 173 - Answer Keys 174 - 177 - Credits and Terms of Use Pages of Download Grade 5 Sheets: 1 - Cover 2 - For the Teacher 3 - 7 - Units of Measure 8 - 12 - Reading Graphs 13 - 17 - Number Words 18 - 22 - Place Value 23 - 27 - Decimal Place Value 28 - 32 - Rounding Numbers 33 - 37 - Complete the sequence, skip counting 38 - 42 - Solving Equations 43 - 47 - Variable Equations 48 - 52 - Simplify Expressions 53 - 57 - Finding the Mean 58 - 62 - Mean, Median, Mode 63 - 67 - Greatest Common Factor 68 - 72 - Fractions 73 - 77 - Comparing a
set of Fractions 78 - 83 - Comparing Multiple Fractions 84 - 93 - Fraction Word Problems 94 - 98 - Estimating / Estimation Word Problems 99 - 103 - Possible Outcome Problems 104 - 108 - Distance Word Problems 109 - 113 - Division Word Problems 114 - 118 - Ratio Word Problems 119 - 124 - Coordinate Graphs 125 - 130 - Perimeter 131 - 135 - Area 136 - 145 Elapsed Time Clocks and Watches 146 - 171 - Answer Keys 172 - 175 - Credits and Terms of Use
Pages of Download: 1 - Cover 2 - For the Teacher 3 - 6 - Measurement Length 7 - 11 - Measurement Height 12 - 19 - Place Value 20 - 24 - Find the smallest / largest number
from a
set of numbers 25 - 28 - Number Words 29 - 32 - Skip Counting - complete the sequence 33 - 37 - Counting dollars and coins 38 - 48 - Reading thermometers -
temperature 49 - 53 - Reading graphs 54 - 57 - Reading Calendars 58 - 62 - Numerators and Denominators 63 - 67 - Fraction Circles 68 - 72 - Fractions of a solid 73 - 78 - Word Problems 79 - 83 -
Data Tables 84 - 88 - Multi-Step Word Problems 89 - 92 - Rounding to the nearest ten 93 - 96 - Rounding to the nearest hundred 97 - 100 - Rounding word problems 101 - 103 - Probability 104 - 107 - Geometry - identifying shapes 108 - 110 - Height of a triangle 111 - 113 - Angles identifying right, acute, and obtuse 114 - 117 - Symmetry and Angles 118 - 121 - Perimeter 122 - 125 - Area 126 - 129 - Elapsed Time 130 - 155 - Answer Keys 156 - 158 - Credits and Terms of Use
One of the most common questions that arises
from analyses of the global surface
temperature data sets is why they are almost always plotted as anomalies and not as absolute
temperatures.
Instead trying to make sense of «controversial tree ring
data sets», I've spent much of my time looking at
temperature data sets and fossil records
from the late Paleocene and early Eocene.
Two independent multidisciplinary studies of climatic change during the glacial - Holocene transition (ca, 14,000 - 9,000 calendar yr B.P.)
from Norway and Switzerland have assessed organism responses to the rapid climatic changes and made quantitative
temperature reconstructions with modern calibration
data sets (transfer functions).
Britain's Met Office has updated the
temperature data set it maintains with the University of East Anglia and finds that the last decade experienced more warming that this research effort had previously measured, in large part because of added
data from the Arctic.
There is definitely more to learn about how climate behaves and there are now
data sets for ocean warming and carbon dioxide distribution that could benefit
from better surface
temperature measurements.
* Postscript, 11:40 p.m. Early estimates of 40 - degree Fahrenheit
temperatures around the North Pole didn't hold up as
data from buoys
set in the sea ice, reported by Capital Weather Gang, showed a reading of 33 degrees: «A buoy (WMO ID Buoy 6400476) at a latitude of 87.45 degrees North hit a high
temperature of 0.7 degrees Celsius — or 33 degrees Fahrenheit.»
Thus there are now two surface
temperature data sets with global coverage (the GISTEMP
data from NASA have always filled gaps by interpolation).
From what I see from the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) of land temperatures and the Comprehensive Ocean - Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) of SST data, temperatures there were higher around the 1930's than now, and there is not much long term warming trend, except for the past few ye
From what I see
from the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) of land temperatures and the Comprehensive Ocean - Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) of SST data, temperatures there were higher around the 1930's than now, and there is not much long term warming trend, except for the past few ye
from the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) of land
temperatures and the Comprehensive Ocean - Atmosphere
Data Set (COADS) of SST data, temperatures there were higher around the 1930's than now, and there is not much long term warming trend, except for the past few ye
Data Set (COADS) of SST
data, temperatures there were higher around the 1930's than now, and there is not much long term warming trend, except for the past few ye
data,
temperatures there were higher around the 1930's than now, and there is not much long term warming trend, except for the past few years.
A clear and more detailed explanation can be found in Section 2.1 of the Simmons et al 2010 JGR article «Low - frequency variations in surface atmospheric humidity,
temperature, and precipitation: Inferences
from reanalyses and monthly gridded observational
data sets» (doi: 10.1029 / 2009JD012442).
Figure 3 Comparison of global
temperature (average over 5
data sets, including 2 satellite series) with the projections
from the 3rd and 4 IPCC reports.
S1 which removed alternatively (a) all tree - ring
data or (b) 7 additional long - term proxy records associated with greater uncertainties or potential documented biases (showing the
temperature reconstruction was robust to removal of either of these datasets), we here removed both
data sets simultaneously
from the predictor network (Fig.
The researchers over at Climate Central wanted to show people just that, so they crunched the numbers
from data sets from DayMet to calculate 1,001 American cities» average winter
temperatures and PRISM for the summer
temperatures.
While anomalies are the darling of staticians, where the base line environmental
temperatures cross the freezing point / melt point of water, the anomalies
from those
temperature data sets are just the average of nonsense.
Johanneseen, et al's surface
temperature data set was taken
from:
Soon knew that the relevant
data series for discussing the AO influence on Western Hudson Bay
temperature (and by proxy, sea ice) was
from Churchill and despite being reminded of the fact by the first
set of reviewers, nonetheless continued to only show the AO connection to a site 1000 miles away, which had a much higher correlation without any discussion of whether this other
data was at all relevant to Churchill or the bears nearby.
The gridded field is produced
from ship and buoy sea surface
temperatures in the ICOADS release 2.5
data set (29) using bias correction and Empirical Orthogonal Teleconnection methodologies as described in (13).
These three
data sets are loaded into a computer analysis program — available for public download
from the GISS web site — that calculates trends in
temperature anomalies relative to the average
temperature for the same month during 1951 - 1980.
So first I did a google search for the
data from the station and the first link was to a Revision 3
data set which showed different
temperatures.
While there remain disparities among different tropospheric
temperature trends estimated
from satellite Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU and advanced MSU) measurements since 1979, and all likely still contain residual errors, estimates have been substantially improved (and
data set differences reduced) through adjustments for issues of changing satellites, orbit decay and drift in local crossing time (i.e., diurnal cycle effects).
That given, I have long thought that the notion of a «global average
temperature» (GAT) constructed
from a sparse
set of mixed quality
data, statistically infilled (and outfilled) spatially and temporally to try to simulate global coverage is poorly suited to discerning trends presumably based on thermodynamics of the global climate system (GCS).
The red curve is the
temperature trend using the 121 Russian stations that CRU has released
data for, while the blue hockey stick is
from a larger
set of 476 stations.
I've been looking at the Hansen material which involves tropical oceans and have had occasion to review some of the
temperature data sets, including Agudelho and Curry, which is an interesting and useful comparison of satellite and surface trends — a topic in the air
from the US CCSP report.
The average of the NASA GISS, NOAA, and HadCRUT4 global surface
temperature data sets shows a 0.08 °C warming
from 2000 through 2011 (Figures 1 and 3).
Simmons, A. J., K. M. Willett, P. D. Jones, P. W. Thorne, and D. P. Dee, 2010: Low - frequency variations in surface atmospheric humidity,
temperature, and precipitation: Inferences
from reanalyses and monthly gridded observational
data sets.
«Also, we
set all post-1960 values to missing in the MXD
data set (due to decline), and the method will infill these, estimating them
from the real
temperatures — another way of «correcting» for the decline, though may be not defensible!»
Low - frequency variations in surface atmospheric humidity,
temperature, and precipitation: Inferences
from reanalyses and monthly gridded observational
data sets
As shown above, other
data sets that use 126, 91, 66, 22, 15... different proxy
temperature records
from across the NH also devise curves that go through to the year 2000 that don't look like Moberg's 2005 reconstruction either.
However, comparison of the global, annual mean time series of near - surface
temperature (approximately 0 to 5 m depth)
from this analysis and the corresponding SST series based on a subset of the International Comprehensive Ocean - Atmosphere
Data Set (ICOADS) database (approximately 134 million SST observations; Smith and Reynolds, 2003 and additional data) shows a high correlation (r = 0.96) for the period 1955 to 2
Data Set (ICOADS) database (approximately 134 million SST observations; Smith and Reynolds, 2003 and additional
data) shows a high correlation (r = 0.96) for the period 1955 to 2
data) shows a high correlation (r = 0.96) for the period 1955 to 2005.
I recently found that the GHCN
temperature data that is in the CRU
data set and the
data original with CRU (
from which CRU evidently retains the adjusted but not original
data) make up nearly all the entries in the CRU
data set.
The
set of in situ
data was compiled
from several different archives and includes
temperature profiles
from XBTs, CTDs, profiling floats, moored buoys (primarily
from the TAO array), and autonomous pinniped bathyther - mographs.