Sentences with phrase «temperature estimate which»

Not exact matches

The Association of Pool & Spa Professionals estimates there are 14 million or so private residential pools in the U.S., all of which require maintenance to control Ph level, chlorine level, and temperature.

Schmidt's rough estimate, which he posted on Twitter, is based on the extraordinary and unprecedented warming over the past 12 months, during which time global surface temperatures have shot past the 1 °C above pre-industrial level.

Ballantyne's team estimated the temperature of the period at which the peat formed by measuring various things that are affected by temperature, including isotopes in tree rings and the amount of fossilised vegetation.

They estimate that, across about 60 % of the global vegetated area, greening has buffered warming by about 14 %; for the remaining areas, which mostly include boreal zones, LAI trends have amplified the raise in air temperatures, leading to an additional warming of about 10 %.

Scientists estimate that this releases 1000 million tonnes of carbon every year, which, in the form of greenhouse gasses, drives up global temperatures.

It is very unusual to have a hurricane over waters that are near 20 degrees Celsius, but the upper - tropospheric temperatures are estimated to be around -60 degrees Celsius, which is significantly colder than the tropical mean.

Cuffey developed a technique to combine these temperature measurements, which are smoothed as a result of heat diffusion in the ice, with isotopic measurements of old ice to come up with an estimated temperature of 11.3 degrees, plus or minus 1.8 degrees Celsius, warming since the depths of the ice age.

While a GCM portrayal of temperature would not be accurate to a given day, these models give fairly good estimates for long - term average temperatures, such as 30 - year periods, which closely match observed data.

In his new paper, Lovejoy applies the same approach to the 15 - year period after 1998, during which globally averaged temperatures remained high by historical standards, but were somewhat below most predictions generated by the complex computer models used by scientists to estimate the effects of greenhouse - gas emissions.

Estimates of data like temperature and wind velocity also had to be used in some border areas, which were under control of FARC (the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) and were not easily accessible for measurements, he adds.

Previous estimates suggested that peak temperatures during the warmest interglacial periods — which occurred at around 125,000, 240,000 and 340,000 years ago — were about three degrees higher than they are today.

Callas estimated that temperatures could fall below — 40 degrees Celsius, which would approach the boundaries of the rover's operating specs.

Other estimates, based on different interpretations of the evidence, have placed average temperatures as high as 85 degrees Celsius, under which only heat - loving microbes that now exist in hot springs could survive.

For each species, they estimated maximum growth rates, optimal growth temperatures, and the temperature ranges within which the species could grow.

The confused argument hinges on one data set — the HadCRUT 3V — which is only one of several estimates, and it is the global temperature record that exhibits the least change over the last decade.

[Response: The AWS records useful because they provide a totally independent estimate of the spatial covariance pattern in the temperature field (which we primarily get from satellites).

While the overlap during deglaciations is large (which makes it near impossible to make any estimates of relative forcings), during the start of the last ice age, there was no overlap: CO2 started to decrease (some 40 - 50 ppmv) when the temperature was already near it's minimum.

Instead, the web special opened with «Estimates of future global temperatures based on recent observations must account for the differing characteristics of each important driver of recent climate change», which sounds a bit ho - hum, if not, well, duh?

Still, it seems to me that even a rough estimate of the extent to which increasing solar output is raising temperatures on Mars would be a useful reality check on the «global warming» claims being made here on Earth.

Global mean temperatures averaged over land and ocean surfaces, from three different estimates, each of which has been independently adjusted for various homogeneity issues, are consistent within uncertainty estimates over the period 1901 to 2005 and show similar rates of increase in recent decades.

Given that it doesn't matter much which forcing is changing, sensitivity can be assessed from any particular period in the past where the changes in forcing are known and the corresponding equilibrium temperature change can be estimated.

The study, published in the June 30 edition of the journal Environmental Research Letters, was based on an average global temperature increase of 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit, which is considered a relatively conservative estimate and the limit needed to avert catastrophic impacts.

GISS produces two estimates — the met station index (which does not cover a lot of the oceans), and a land - ocean index (which uses satellite ocean temperature changes in addition to the met stations).

We argue that KELT - 18b's high temperature and low surface gravity, which yield an estimated ~ 600 km atmospheric scale height, combined with its hot, bright host make it an excellent candidate for observations aimed at atmospheric characterization.

Some studies have attempted to estimate the statistical relationship between temperature and global sea level seen in the period for which tide gauge records exist (the last 2 - 3 centuries) and then, using geological reconstructions of past temperature changes, extrapolate backward («hindcast») past sea - level changes.

«The estimated mean temperature of HD 40307 g is around nine degrees (Celsius), which means that you can have up to 30 or down to -10 degrees, as on Earth,» Anglada - Escudé says.

At the planet's orbital distance of only 0.014 AU from its host star, however, the surface temperature has been estimated to be around 400 ° Fahrenheit (200 ° Celsius), which is way too hot for liquid water.

If we thus want to know whether Harvey is a «harbinger» for the future of Houston, the attribution question addressing the overall likelihood of a hurricane like Harvey to occur, which includes many variables other than temperature and sea level rise that interact, needs to be answered by carefully estimating the likelihood of such hurricanes developing in a warming world as well as how much rain they bring.

Estimates from the study indicate that the freezing line could lift by as much as 3,900 feet by 2100, which could expose the majority of glaciers in the region to temperatures above 32 °F in warm - weather months.

With limited data, it was impossible to estimate the precise temperature inside the disk, which is essential for the understanding of the planet formation in the disk.

It may be of spectral and luminosity type MV given an estimated mass of 40 percent Solar and a surface temperature of 3,500 ° K (which is reddish in color).

The temperature of the SO molecules is estimated to be -210 degrees Celsius, which is clearly higher than that of cyclic - C3H2.

Enough for a good estimate of global temperature go back to 1850, which by my calculation is 167 years ago.

When differences in scaling between previous studies are accounted for, the various current and previous estimates of NH mean surface temperature are largely consistent within uncertainties, despite the differences in methodology and mix of proxy data back to approximately A.D. 1000... Conclusions are less definitive for the SH and globe, which we attribute to larger uncertainties arising from the sparser available proxy data in the SH.

Given that it doesn't matter much which forcing is changing, sensitivity can be assessed from any particular period in the past where the changes in forcing are known and the corresponding equilibrium temperature change can be estimated.

Confidence intervals are estimate intervals of a true endpoint, which could be human population parameters, distance to the moon or temperature trends.

The same holds for the specific global mean EIV temperature reconstruction used in the present study as shown in the graph below (interestingly, eliminating the proxies in question actually makes the reconstruction overall slightly cooler prior to AD 1000, which — as noted in the article — would actually bring the semi-empirical sea level estimate into closer agreement with the sea level reconstruction prior to AD 1000).

(1) In addition to the data of the near - surface temperatures, which are composed of measurements from weather stations and sea surface temperatures, there is also the microwave data from satellites, which can be used to estimate air temperatures in the troposphere in a few kilometers altitude.

I therefore assume that the data from Cowtan & Way is the methodologically best estimate of the global mean temperature which we currently have.

Instead, the web special opened with «Estimates of future global temperatures based on recent observations must account for the differing characteristics of each important driver of recent climate change», which sounds a bit ho - hum, if not, well, duh?

Any station that is not very rural will suffer from a heat island effect, which may be constant over time but means the station does not give an unbiased estimate of the mean temperature for the area it is supposed to represent.

I think that the vast majority of lay readers who read the headlines and the text of stories on climate sensitivity do not know this and they simply presume that the scientists concerned are talking about their absolute best estimates of the possible temperature increases which may be faced.

org «The sharp eyed among you will notice that the satellite estimates (even UAH)-- which are basically weighted means of the vertical temperature profiles — are also apparently inconsistent with the selected radiosonde estimates (you can't get a weighted mean trend larger than any of the individual level trends!).»

Our result would peg the average land temperature change during the 1810s as about -0.7 C (+ / - 0.4 C at 95 %) relative to the 19th century average, which is broadly consistent with prior estimates.

The sharp eyed among you will notice that the satellite estimates (even UAH Correction: the UAH trends are consistent (see comments)-RRB--- which are basically weighted means of the vertical temperature profiles — are also apparently inconsistent with the selected radiosonde estimates (you can't get a weighted mean trend larger than any of the individual level trends!).

Given those assumptions, looking at the forcing over a long - enough multi-decadal period and seeing the temperature response gives an estimate of the transient climate response (TCR) and, additionally if an estimate of the ocean heat content change is incorporated (which is a measure of the unrealised radiative imbalance), the ECS can be estimated too.

An increase in data coverage will affect the estimated variance and one - year autocorrelation associated with the global mean temperature, which also should influence the the metric.

But contrarians either wish to have stations eliminated (even though we can get useful information from them by correcting the data using well established statistical methods and closing stations would reduce the accuracy of our temperature estimates) or what is more likely, simply wish to change the focus from the well - established rise in temperatures (by means of many independent lines of investigation including the shrinking of the Arctic Ice Cap) to the fact that some stations are not ideal in order to discredit the science which has established that climate change is taking place and that it threatens countless lives.

See e.g. this review paper (Schmidt et al, 2004), where the response of a climate model to estimated past changes in natural forcing due to solar irradiance variations and explosive volcanic eruptions, is shown to match the spatial pattern of reconstructed temperature changes during the «Little Ice Age» (which includes enhanced cooling in certain regions such as Europe).

What this model shows is that if orbital variations in insolation impact ice sheets directly in any significant way (which evidence suggests they do Roe (2006)-RRB-, then the regression between CO2 and temperature over the glacial - interglacial cycles (which was used in Snyder (2016)-RRB- is a very biased (over) estimate of ESS.