Sentences with phrase «temperature estimates for»

Direct temperature estimates for the NGRIP Greenland ice core used here are only available back to 122.4 ky B.P. (32).

In addition, land stations are allowed to provide temperature estimates for ocean cells where no sea surface temperature is available - in practice, this means that coastal stations around the Arctic provide temperature readings for the pole.

The station data coverage in this region is poor for the E-OBS, which contributes to a relatively large uncertainty in precipitation and temperature estimates for this region in the E-OBS dataset.

Since these two time series represent largely independent mean temperature estimates for the same atmospheric layer, the strong correspondence between them is further proof that the fluctuations are real.

We then converted these linear fits back into temperature estimates for each of the pressures measured by the balloons.

However, the CRU global mean combined land air / sea surface temperature estimates for Jan - Aug 2005 lag behind the 1998 annual mean estimate by 0.08 C (0.50 C vs. 58C for 1998) while GISS indicates a lag of 0.02 C.

The difference between the HadCrut and GISS treatment of this problem is that HadCrut does not use those grid cells to calculate the global temperature anomaly while GISS interpolates / extrapolates from the few stations around the artic to infill temperature estimates for the grid cells where no «real» data is available.

One example, among many, is the derivation of a temperature estimate for CO2 doubling in the absence of feedbacks.

(a — c) Surface temperature estimate for the past 65.5 Myr, including an expanded time scale for (b) the Pliocene and Pleistocene and (c) the past 800000 years.

Not exact matches

«We only have about 150 years of direct measurements of temperature, so if, for example, we want to estimate how great of variations that can be expected over 100 years, we look at the temperature record for that period, but it can not tell us what we can expect for the temperature record over 1000 years.

The estimated incubation temperature will be a reflection of the incubation strategy employed, subject to being able access these rare and precious fossils for corroborative purposes.

By evaluating the scale insect remains attached to each specimen, Youngsteadt estimated scale population density and compared it to the average August temperature for the year and place where the specimen was collected.

The best estimates of the increase in global temperatures range from 1.8 to 4.0 degrees C for the various emission scenarios, with higher emissions leading to higher temperatures.

Even the most optimistic estimates of the effects of contemporary fossil fuel use suggest that mean global temperature will rise by a minimum of 2 °C before the end of this century and that CO2 emissions will affect climate for tens of thousands of years.

Nelson and his colleagues, working with funding from the World Bank and Asian Development Bank, estimated global agricultural impacts by pairing IFPRI's own economic models for crop yields with climate models for precipitation and temperature from the U.S. National Center for Atmospheric Research and Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization.

They estimate that, across about 60 % of the global vegetated area, greening has buffered warming by about 14 %; for the remaining areas, which mostly include boreal zones, LAI trends have amplified the raise in air temperatures, leading to an additional warming of about 10 %.

The World Bank estimates that over the next 15 years, the global economy will require $ 89 trillion in infrastructure investments across cities, energy and land - use systems, and $ 4.1 trillion in incremental investment for the low - carbon transition to keep within the internationally agreed limit of a 2 - degree - Celsius temperature rise.

Current methods can estimate the size and temperature of an exoplanet planet in order to determine whether liquid water could exist on the planet's surface, believed to be one of the criteria for a planet hosting the right conditions for life.

This enabled the team to estimate how temperature - related mortality rates will change under alternative scenarios of climate change, defined by the four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) established by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for climate modelling and research in 2014.

The team used real - time seasonal rainfall, temperature and El Niño forecasts, issued at the start of the year, combined with data from active surveillance studies, in a probabilistic model of dengue epidemics to produce robust dengue risk estimates for the entire year.

To assess how future heat waves might affect air travel, researchers used climate models to estimate hour - by - hour temperatures throughout the year at 19 particularly busy airports in the United States, Europe, the Middle East, China, and South Asia for the period between 2060 and 2080.

While a GCM portrayal of temperature would not be accurate to a given day, these models give fairly good estimates for long - term average temperatures, such as 30 - year periods, which closely match observed data.

This imploding shock wave can compress the interior of the bubble's contents even more; indeed, William C. Moss and his colleagues at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory have obtained theoretical estimates of the temperatures achievable with an imploding shock wave, and these values approach those required for nuclear fusion.

For nighttime estimates, they used midnight, when temperatures are coolest.

The government dataset, called the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature version 4, increased the sea surface temperature trend estimate over the last 18 years from 0.07 ° Celsius per decade to 0.12 ° Celsius per decade, partly because of adjustments for different types of measuring iTemperature version 4, increased the sea surface temperature trend estimate over the last 18 years from 0.07 ° Celsius per decade to 0.12 ° Celsius per decade, partly because of adjustments for different types of measuring itemperature trend estimate over the last 18 years from 0.07 ° Celsius per decade to 0.12 ° Celsius per decade, partly because of adjustments for different types of measuring instruments.

They developed a calculation to divide the sound into smaller pieces and then estimated the source location for all the small pieces, correcting for delays caused by the speed of sound in air at room temperature and at standard atmospheric pressure.

«We hope our temperature test for estimating the risk of vertebrate infection can be useful for assessing other viruses that keep being discovered,» says Dr. Junglen.

The team estimates its temperature to be 220 degrees Fahrenheit, too hot for life as we know it.

Estimates of data like temperature and wind velocity also had to be used in some border areas, which were under control of FARC (the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) and were not easily accessible for measurements, he adds.

The study establishes a method for estimating UHI intensities using PRISM — Parameter - elevation Relationships on Independent Slopes Model — climate data, an analytical model that creates gridded estimates by incorporating climatic variables (temperature and precipitation), expert knowledge of climatic events (rain shadows, temperature inversions and coastal regimes) and digital elevation.

Using infrared in near darkness through very little atmosphere, the team received data enabling it for the first time to estimate the surface temperatures over the planet's night side.

This led me to question whether the previous estimates for the room - temperature viscosity of cathedral glass were artificially high.»

«Our temperature estimates and the NCAR simulations were within one - quarter of one degree Fahrenheit, on average, for the last 11,000 years,» says Shuman, as he pointed to a graph that included a black line for his group's climate research temperature and a gray line that represents the computer simulations.

Executive Summary The Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature project was created to make the best possible estimate of global temperature change using as complete a record of measurements as possible and by applying novel methods for the estimation and elimination of systemaTemperature project was created to make the best possible estimate of global temperature change using as complete a record of measurements as possible and by applying novel methods for the estimation and elimination of systematemperature change using as complete a record of measurements as possible and by applying novel methods for the estimation and elimination of systematic biases.

There is actually an estimate that for major crops like wheat, rice and maize, that every degree Celsius rise in temperature above current temperatures could potentially decrease crop yields by between 3 - 7 % due to thermal stress.

Thus, although poor station quality might affect absolute temperature, it does not appear to affect trends, and for global warming estimates, the trend is what is important

Future projections for the same cities are drawn from climate models that estimate temperature and humidity assuming global greenhouse gas emissions continue unabated.

For example, energy companies estimate that raising the operating temperature by 1 percent at a single electric generation facility can save up to $ 20 million a year.

Thomas estimated that the average time spent in the water for most of the New Year's Day attendees is 2 or 3 minutes, although Polar Bear Club members who are more used to the cold stay in for about 10 minutes, «regardless of the temperature,» he said.

To create their estimate, the researchers took the most recent understanding for how rocks, oceans, and air temperature interact, and put that into a computer simulation of Earth's temperature over the past 4 billion years.

The surface temperature during reentry is estimated up to 1750 °C for 15 minutes.

We estimate that the temperature difference was 2 - 6 degrees,» says Bo Vinther, Associate Professor at the Centre for Ice and Climate at the Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen.

As a baseline for estimating temperature - related deaths, they used the 1980s, when an estimated 370 Manhattanites died from overheating, and 340 died from cold.

Currently, the most common practices for estimating sex ratios from nesting beaches use nest temperature, beach temperatures, or incubation duration and empirically derived relationships from laboratory data.

For each species, they estimated maximum growth rates, optimal growth temperatures, and the temperature ranges within which the species could grow.

The U.S. National Research Council (NRC) estimates that every degree Celsius of warming in global average temperatures means a 5 to 15 percent drop in yield, particularly for corn, in North America.

The authors used a new methodology to combine data from a number of sources to estimate temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere for the last six centuries and later for the last 1,000 years.

James Hansen, a climatologist at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York, US, has estimated that global temperature may need to rise just 1 °C more to tip the balance toward abrupt melting.

Dr. Benestad states: «They take the ratios of the amplitude of band - passed filtered global temperatures to similarly band - passed filtered solar signal as the estimate for the «climate sensitivity».

(Bottom) Patterns of linear global temperature trends from 1979 to 2005 estimated at the surface (left), and for the troposphere (right) from the surface to about 10 km altitude, from satellite records.