Sentences with phrase «temperature gradient which»

None of this has any bearing whatsoever on mean planetary surface temperatures which are supported by the autonomous gravitationally induced temperature gradient which results from the process described in statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics in which thermodynamic equilibrium evolves spontaneously.

The evaporative, conductive and radiative processes combined then set up a thermal gradient causing an upward flow of energy from water to air from where that 1 mm layer touches the ocean bulk below, up across the cooler layer then to the Knudsen layer by reversing the normal (warm at the top and cool at the bottom) temperature gradient which exists from that 1 mm layer down to the ocean bottom.

Hence, if David and the IPCC etc wish to put forward ideas that ignore basic physics, meaning that they ignore the maximum entropy production which the Second Law says will tend to occur, thus establishing a stable temperature gradient which, as Big Wave Dave said, «obviates the need for concern over GH gases,» then the onus is on them to prove what they say, not only with valid physics, but also empirical evidence, experiments and studies, as appropriate and as is usually done in physics.

Simple physics dictates that with less sea ice there is magnified warming of the Arctic due to powerful albedo feedback; this in turn reduces the equator to pole temperature gradient which slows the jet stream winds causing them to become more meridional; this combined with 4 % more water vapor in the atmosphere (compared to 3 decades ago) is leading to much more extremes in weather.

There are clear mismatches — particularly in the equator - to - pole temperature gradient which points to some kind of missing physics relevant to warm climates.

Not exact matches

Temperature gradients make the atmosphere more unstable, and «a more unstable atmosphere is more conducive for deep thunderstorm formation, which is the building blocks of hurricanes,» Klotzbach says.

This is why climate change, which is warming up the Arctic and changing the temperature gradient, may keep the jet stream wavy.

Altering the structure this way slows the progress of heat through the material, making it easier to maintain temperature gradients through the membrane and exploit the so - called Seebeck effect, in which a voltage is generated as a result of a temperature gradient.

This pressure gradient in turn produces a temperature differential on the surface, which prompts production of a tiny electrical current.

The temperature gradient creates atmospheric circulation, which transports heat from areas of equatorial excess to the cold polar regions.

Existing models have difficulty duplicating climates in which the temperature gradient from the tropics to the poles is small, as suggested by the older paleo - climate data for the Eocene.

Extratropical storms partly depend on the temperature gradient, which is predicted to weaken in the northern hemisphere as the polar region warms more than the rest of the hemisphere.

The ideal TE material combines high electrical conductivity, allowing the current to flow, with low thermal conductivity, which prevents the temperature gradient from evening out.

In their experiments, the researchers heated one side of the Permalloy - silicon bi-layer sandwich to create a temperature gradient, which generated an electrical voltage in the bi-layer.

The team also compared the response of flies in cages (which experienced the local temperature and humidity, but not interactions with other species) with the abundance of D. birchii in wild populations at the same sites along mountain gradients (where other species were also present), to test whether interactions among species affect responses to climate change.

This furnace utilizes induction heating, which provides a steeper temperature gradient, allowing faster crystal growth rates to further minimize evaporation and reaction with the crucible.

In the first test of its kind, researchers watched the «ion temperature gradient» (IGT) which occurs from the cool edge of the plasma to its hot center and that may affect the ability of the plasma to reach the temperature at which fusion takes place.

During her master thesis, D. Batista investigated the effects of increased temperature on freshwater decomposers along a gradient of cadmium stress, which resulted on a publication in the journal «Environmental Pollution».

Consequently, there is a high temperature gradient in the core region, which results in a convection zone for more efficient energy transport.

From the opening on the sea floor to a few feet away from the vent, a temperature gradient is formed along which different organisms might live, depending on their temperature preference.

At this time the E-W sea surface temperature gradients in both the Pacific and Indian Oceans increased [29], [31] intensifying the E-W moisture transport in the tropics, which greatly increased rainfall variability both on a precession and an ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) time - scales.

Increased warming of the cool skin layer (via increased greenhouse gases) lowers its temperature gradient (that is the temperature difference between the top and bottom of the layer), and this reduces the rate at which heat flows out of the ocean to the atmosphere.

The rate of flow of heat out of the ocean is determined by the temperature gradient in the «cool skin layer», which resides within the thin viscous surface layer of ocean that is in contact with the atmosphere.

All lizards require supplemental heat (provided by an over-the-tank bulb), so that a temperature gradient is established, with a hot / basking zone and a cooler / shade zone, the temperatures of which vary depending on species.

[1] CO2 absorbs IR, is the main GHG, human emissions are increasing its concentration in the atmosphere, raising temperatures globally; the second GHG, water vapor, exists in equilibrium with water / ice, would precipitate out if not for the CO2, so acts as a feedback; since the oceans cover so much of the planet, water is a large positive feedback; melting snow and ice as the atmosphere warms decreases albedo, another positive feedback, biased toward the poles, which gives larger polar warming than the global average; decreasing the temperature gradient from the equator to the poles is reducing the driving forces for the jetstream; the jetstream's meanders are increasing in amplitude and slowing, just like the lower Missippi River where its driving gradient decreases; the larger slower meanders increase the amplitude and duration of blocking highs, increasing drought and extreme temperatures — and 30,000 + Europeans and 5,000 plus Russians die, and the US corn crop, Russian wheat crop, and Aussie wildland fire protection fails — or extreme rainfall floods the US, France, Pakistan, Thailand (driving up prices for disk drives — hows that for unexpected adverse impacts from AGW?)

This then propagates downward along the temperature gradient, which may also change a little as temperature goes up.

For example, if the Earth got cold enough, the encroachment of snow and ice toward low latitudes (where they have more sunlight to reflect per unit area), depending on the meridional temperature gradient, could become a runaway feedback — any little forcing that causes some cooling will cause an expansion of snow and ice toward lower latitudes sufficient to cause so much cooling that the process never reaches a new equilibrium — until the snow and ice reach the equator from both sides, at which point there is no more area for snow and ice to expand into.

Hadley cell - type overturning leaves a large horizontal temperature gradient (which has available potential energy, APE) that can be unstable to baroclinic instability (a Rossby - wave instability).

In the deep tropics, temperature is nearly uniform on pressure surfaces because there is not enough Coriolis acceleration to balance strong pressure gradients, thus h *, which is just a function of pressure and temperature, is horizontally as well as vertically uniform in the free troposphere.

Nice misconception you have going there but the real argument is that CO2 can lower the temperature gradient of the cool skin layer, which slows the heat loss to the atmosphere and increased levels of greenhouse gases lead to more heat being stored in the oceans over the long - term.

In the worst case, as the temperature gradient between the freezing water and the air increases, the energy transfer from the water to the air may now equal the energy loss from the air, at which point the air will stop getting colder.

Ocean surface cooling, in the North Atlantic as well as the Southern Ocean, increases tropospheric horizontal temperature gradients, eddy kinetic energy and baroclinicity, which drive more powerful storms.

By comparing modelled and observed changes in such indices, which include the global mean surface temperature, the land - ocean temperature contrast, the temperature contrast between the NH and SH, the mean magnitude of the annual cycle in temperature over land and the mean meridional temperature gradient in the NH mid-latitudes, Braganza et al. (2004) estimate that anthropogenic forcing accounts for almost all of the warming observed between 1946 and 1995 whereas warming between 1896 and 1945 is explained by a combination of anthropogenic and natural forcing and internal variability.

MD wave fades moving deeper into SH due to lack of land mass & land impediment to antarctic circumpolar (southern ocean) flow --(need midlatitude zonal land - sea contrast for meridional deflection of westerlies = differential land - sea equator - pole column - integrated - temperature gradient response to solar forcing, easily measured using a simple wavelet tachometer, which detects externally governed universal constraint)

The sea ice in the Siberian Arctic is peaking, its effect on the meridional temperature gradient strong, promoting increased zonal flow of large - scale winds, which advect warm air and moisture over the Eurasian continent from the Atlantic and disrupt vertical stratification near the surface and promote high cloudiness, both of which lead to increasing temperatures — greatest at low altitudes and high latitudes.

«Departures from the expected increase in temperature with depth (the geothermal gradient) can be interpreted in terms of changes in temperature at the surface in the past, which have slowly diffused downward, warming or cooling layers meters below the surface.»

WHOI published on the centennial scale Pacific Oscillation which is also blissfully ignore and Toggwieler and Briereley have published on the impact of shifting westerlies and zonal / meridional temperature gradients also blissfully ignored.

thermohaline circulation circulation driven by density gradients, which are controlled by temperature and salinity

temperature: 1,000 m depth temperature = 5C thermal conductivity of seawater 0.58 W / mK ocean - air interface = 17.000 C 1.441 mm depth temperature = 17.400 C (the warmest spot in the ocean depth though the «few metres» of depth below it is only a miniscule bit colder, all warmed by Sun SWR) this top 1.441 mm depth is the «skin» and «sub-skin» 100m depth temperature certain in range 16.090 C to 17.400 C but virtually certain > 17C because of mixing top ~ 90m temperature gradient of top 1.441 mm of ocean is 277.6 Celsius / metre By conductivity, temperature gradient pushes 161.00 w / m ** 2 up from 1.441 mm depth to ocean - air interface which precisely removes the Sun's 161 w / m ** 2 going into the top few metres depth and leads to no ocean warming.

This autonomous temperature gradient would cause surface temperatures (which are supported by the temperature at the base of the troposphere) to be at least 40 degrees higher in dry regions.

Of course the * one * model prediction that is argued incessantly is the stratosphere / troposphere temperature gradient, which has been shown can also be caused by differences in precipitation and relative humidity.

Your answer to my question... «So if the thermal gradient is being reduced by the greenhouse gasses which raise the air temperature, the oceans should warm?»

The resulting temperature gradients lead to changes in the zonal wind, which, in turn, changes planetary wave — mean flow interactions.

So the «hot to cold» corollary only works in a horizontal plane, which of course is not what we are considering when discussing another corollary of the Second Law, namely that a gravitationally - induced density gradient evolves in a vertical plane and so does a temperature gradient and thus, as a further corollary of that corollary, a pressure gradient also evolves.

As I pointed out in an earlier post, the weakness in Tom's argument is you have to deal with a temperature gradient and the radiative flux gradient which is ignored in LTE model.

Increases in carbon dioxide enhance the greenhouse effect and cause global warming, which would reduce the temperature gradient between the equator and the poles.

This creates a large horizontal temperature contrast, which is essentially a large pressure gradient, between the polar and tropical air.

2.75 which is the horizontal temperature gradient in hydrostatic equilibrium.

Jelbring's «proof» of a temperature gradient is therefore invalid, as it depends on a premise which (depending on interpretation) is either false or inapplicable to the circumstances (because something true in the long run is being invalidly applied in the short run).

Now I can construct a heat engine which extracts useful work based on the temperature gradient and gravity will continue to organize the air column forever and my heat engine will never run out of «fuel»?