The main source of this correction relates to ocean
temperature measurement techniques.
Not exact matches
Cuffey developed a
technique to combine these
temperature measurements, which are smoothed as a result of heat diffusion in the ice, with isotopic
measurements of old ice to come up with an estimated
temperature of 11.3 degrees, plus or minus 1.8 degrees Celsius, warming since the depths of the ice age.
These
techniques minimize the effects of environmental noise and allow us to make much more sensitive
temperature measurements.»
Some considerations regarding the surface
temperature record relate to the
measurement techniques themselves.
And while there is variation between team results due to the differences in
technique and
measurement methods, one thing they all agree on: long term,
temperatures are going up.
Biofeedback
techniques use technology to give you real - time
measurements on things like your heart rate, palm
temperature, and brain waves — training you to use your thoughts to manipulate your physical body.
On Wednesday an interesting paper (Thompson et al) was published in Nature, pointing to a clear artifact in the sea surface
temperatures in 1945 and associating it with the changing mix of fleets and
measurement techniques at the end of World War II.
Some considerations regarding the surface
temperature record relate to the
measurement techniques themselves.
In the case of systematic biases (e.g., a
technique that consistently overestimates or underestimates
temperature), additional
measurements will not cancel the effect.
The width of each year's curve reflects the uncertainty in the annual
temperature values (caused by factors such as changes in
measurement techniques and the fact that some parts of the world have more sparse station coverage).
Using modern
measurements of air
temperature, incoming / outgoing radiation, and ocean
temperature / heat content should provide much more robust
techniques of climate model validation.
The NDACC has accepted lidar
measurement techniques as valid methods for measuring and monitoring stratospheric ozone,
temperature, and aerosols, tropospheric ozone, and tropospheric and lower stratospheric water vapor.
And while there is variation between team results due to the differences in
technique and
measurement methods, one thing they all agree on: long term,
temperatures are going up.
As ice drillers improved their
techniques, making ever better
measurements along their layered cores, they found a variety of large steps not only in
temperature but also in the CO2 concentration.
Reflectometry
Technique Applied in
Measurement of Optical Properties of Materials At High
Temperatures
If such a
technique is accepted then why did we ever bother with taking so many
temperature measurements in the first place?
This suggests that, when the adjustments implied by historical changes in
measurement techniques and data sources are properly applied, the past SST record will end up cooler on the whole relative to current
temperatures, and will also provide an even better fit to climate models.
Brus, D., Škrabalová, L., Herrmann, E., Olenius, T., Trávničková, T., Makkonen, U., and Merikanto, J.:
Temperature - Dependent Diffusion of H2SO4 in Air at Atmospherically Relevant Conditions: Laboratory
Measurements Using Laminar Flow
Technique.