The NOAA report card on the Arctic was based on the CRUTEM 3v data set (see figure below) which excludes
temperatures over the ocean — thus showing an even less complete picture of the Arctic temperatures.
Warming has occurred in both land and ocean domains, and in both sea surface temperature (SST) and nighttime marine air
temperature over the oceans.
The former is likely to overestimate the true global surface air temperature trend (since the oceans do not warm as fast as the land), while the latter may underestimate the true trend, since the air
temperature over the ocean is predicted to rise at a slightly higher rate than the ocean temperature.
The NOAA report card on the Arctic was based on the CRUTEM 3v data set (see figure below) which excludes
temperatures over the ocean — thus showing an even less complete picture of the Arctic temperatures.
The former is likely to overestimate the true global surface air temperature trend (since the oceans do not warm as fast as the land), while the latter may underestimate the true trend, since the air
temperature over the ocean is predicted to rise at a slightly higher rate than the ocean temperature.
During times of warmth, the ocean water levels rise as atmospheric moisture increases but at a rate decelerating when atmospheric
temperatures over oceans approach say 33 C.
Let's compare the warming and cooling patterns for lower troposphere
temperatures over the oceans to a spatially complete, satellite - enhanced sea surface temperature dataset, Reynolds OI.v2.
And for the period of 1997 to 2012, there are no similarities between the warming and cooling patterns for lower troposphere
temperatures over the oceans and the satellite - enhanced sea surface temperature data.
This warming can be seen in measurements of troposphere temperatures measured by weather balloons and satellites, in measurements of ocean heat content, sea surface temperature (measured in situ and by satellites), air
temperatures over the ocean, air temperature over land.
They avoid some of the issues in Millar by using more globally - representative surface temperature records, though they still use series that blend surface air temperatures over land with slower - warming sea surface
temperatures over the ocean.
While consistent with the IPCC assessments of historical warming, it lacks coverage of much of the fast - warming Arctic region and blends surface air temperatures over land with slower - warming sea surface
temperatures over the ocean.
Increasing the surface
temperature over the ocean by 1 °C should increase the humidity of saturation and thus the absolute humidity by 8 percent.
But matters are greatly complicated by atmospheric circulation patterns, cyclic changes in
temperatures over the oceans, and the shapes of land masses.
Temperatures over ocean in May were the highest on record, and tied with three other records (all set within the past two decades) for «the highest departure from average for any month on record.»
ACCORDING to Josefino Comiso et al, in the the Journal of Climate, cooling
temperatures over the ocean and surrounding Antarctica are driving the increase in Antarctic sea - ice...
Warmer sea surface water can severely damage coral reefs, facilitate algal blooms, and together with warmer air
temperature over the oceans, can increase the destructive potential of tropical cyclones and hurricanes.
In fact, SST measurements are only one means of recording
temperature over the oceans.
(It is frequently forgotten or overlooked in discussions of global mean temperature that temperatures over land rise much more than
temperatures over ocean — and ocean, of course, occupies roughly 70 % of the world's surface.
Not exact matches
While this is bad news for the planet, it's good news for climate change scientists who have — for the last two decades — puzzled
over warming trends in
ocean surface
temperatures for nearly 20 years.
Bacteria thrive virtually everywhere on Earth — from sub-zero
temperatures to
over 750 degrees F (in hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the
ocean), and in widely varying oxygen, pressure and nutrient conditions.
The researchers studied
temperature measurements
over the last 150 years, ice core data from Greenland from the interglacial period 12,000 years ago, for the ice age 120,000 years ago, ice core data from Antarctica, which goes back 800,000 years, as well as data from
ocean sediment cores going back 5 million years.
Based on modeling results by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), which predicted that Pacific
Ocean temperatures would rise by 1 degree Celsius (2 degrees Fahrenheit)
over the next 50 years, a Canadian and U.S. team of scientists examined the distributional changes of 28 species of fish including salmon, herring, certain species of sharks, anchovies, sardines and more northern fish like pollock.
They include higher sea surface
temperatures over the Indian
Ocean, which can lead to greater rainfall
over the sea rather than on land.
The other global flu pandemics
over the past century — in 1957, 1968 and 2009 — also followed cooler sea surface
temperatures in the Pacific
Ocean.
Comparing layers in the ice - core samples and
ocean sediments has allowed researchers to deduce e.g. how the average
temperature on Earth has changed
over time, and also how great the variability was.
The exceptional strengthening of a high - pressure area in Siberia, which brought freezing
temperatures to Finland in late February and early March, may be partly the result of atmospheric warming
over the Arctic
Ocean.
Terrestrial ecosystems have encountered substantial warming
over the past century, with
temperatures increasing about twice as rapidly
over land as
over the
oceans.
«Mars for example is in the sun's habitable zone, but it has no
oceans — causing air
temperatures to swing
over a range of 100OC.
Southern
Ocean seafloor water
temperatures are projected to warm by an average of 0.4 °C
over this century with some areas possibly increasing by as much as 2 °C.
Analyzing data collected
over a 20 - month period, scientists from NASA's Goddard Space Flight center in Greenbelt, Md., and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology found that the number of cirrus clouds above the Pacific
Ocean declines with warmer sea surface
temperatures.
Ranging from the magnesium levels in microscopic seashells pulled from
ocean sediment cores to pollen counts in layers of muck from lakebeds, the proxies delivered thousands of
temperature readings
over the period.
Land and
Ocean Combined: The combined average temperature over global land and ocean surfaces for August 2014 was the record highest for the month, at 61.45 °F (16.35 °C), or 1.35 °F (0.75 °C) above the 20th century average of 60.1 °F (15.6
Ocean Combined: The combined average
temperature over global land and
ocean surfaces for August 2014 was the record highest for the month, at 61.45 °F (16.35 °C), or 1.35 °F (0.75 °C) above the 20th century average of 60.1 °F (15.6
ocean surfaces for August 2014 was the record highest for the month, at 61.45 °F (16.35 °C), or 1.35 °F (0.75 °C) above the 20th century average of 60.1 °F (15.6 °C).
The global average
temperature over land and
ocean surfaces for January to October 2014 was the highest on record, according to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
Instead, the researcher and his colleagues use historic measurements of air pressure and
ocean temperatures, put into a model, to calibrate surface
temperatures over the 20th century.
According to NOAA scientists, the globally averaged
temperature over land and
ocean surfaces for August 2014 was the highest for August since record keeping began in 1880.
To model the projected impact of climate change on marine biodiversity, the researchers used climate - velocity trajectories, a measurement which combines the rate and direction of movement of
ocean temperature bands
over time, together with information about thermal tolerance and habitat preference.
The high October
temperature was driven by warmth across the globe
over both the land and
ocean surfaces and was fairly evenly distributed between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
Over the past 60 years, winter
temperatures in the northwestern part of the peninsula have soared by 11 degrees F. Year - round
temperatures have risen by 5 degrees F and the surrounding
ocean is warming.
El Niño thus leaves its mark on the Quelccaya ice cap as a chemical signature (especially in oxygen isotopes) indicating sea surface
temperatures in the equatorial Pacific
Ocean over much of the past 1,800 years.
The blue colours
over the
ocean correspond to a
temperature range of 285 — 295 K.
However, when
temperatures warm
over the Antarctic regions, deep waters rise from the floor of the
ocean much closer to the continent.
Another principal investigator for the project, Laura Pan, senior scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo., believes storm clusters
over this area of the Pacific are likely to influence climate in new ways, especially as the warm
ocean temperatures (which feed the storms and chimney) continue to heat up and atmospheric patterns continue to evolve.
«Both of these studies are looking at how [
ocean temperature] is changing
over time.
The AMO, in which
temperatures over a large swath of the northern Atlantic
Ocean fluctuate between warm and cold phases on a 50 - to 70 - year cycle, is one example.
«This means clumps of atoms surrounded by a bath at some
temperature, like the atmosphere or the
ocean, should tend
over time to arrange themselves to resonate better and better with the sources of mechanical, electromagnetic or chemical work in their environments,» England explained.
Scientists working off the California coast use chemical - sniffing probes, robotically driven subs, and seafloor - tethered
temperature sensors to watch flows of lava pave
over a once - thriving ecosystem at hydrothermal vents several kilometers below the
ocean's surface.
To create their estimate, the researchers took the most recent understanding for how rocks,
oceans, and air
temperature interact, and put that into a computer simulation of Earth's
temperature over the past 4 billion years.
Hard and soft corals are presently bleaching - losing their symbiotic algae — all
over the coral reefs of the Florida Keys due to unusually warm
ocean temperatures this summer.
El Niño is a weather pattern characterized by a periodic fluctuation in sea surface
temperature and air pressure in the Pacific
Ocean, which causes climate variability
over the course of years, sometimes even decades.
The Gulf Stream, an
ocean current that brings warm water from the equator toward the North Atlantic, has been credited with this observed variation in
temperature for
over a century.