Sentences with phrase «temperature over the ocean as»

Not exact matches

The researchers studied temperature measurements over the last 150 years, ice core data from Greenland from the interglacial period 12,000 years ago, for the ice age 120,000 years ago, ice core data from Antarctica, which goes back 800,000 years, as well as data from ocean sediment cores going back 5 million years.

Terrestrial ecosystems have encountered substantial warming over the past century, with temperatures increasing about twice as rapidly over land as over the oceans.

Southern Ocean seafloor water temperatures are projected to warm by an average of 0.4 °C over this century with some areas possibly increasing by as much as 2 °C.

El Niño thus leaves its mark on the Quelccaya ice cap as a chemical signature (especially in oxygen isotopes) indicating sea surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific Ocean over much of the past 1,800 years.

Another principal investigator for the project, Laura Pan, senior scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo., believes storm clusters over this area of the Pacific are likely to influence climate in new ways, especially as the warm ocean temperatures (which feed the storms and chimney) continue to heat up and atmospheric patterns continue to evolve.

Compared to seasonal norms, the coldest place in Earth's atmosphere in May was over the northern Pacific Ocean, where temperatures were as much as 2.08 C (about 3.74 degrees Fahrenheit) cooler than seasonal norms.

However, for the globe as a whole, surface air temperatures over land have risen at about double the ocean rate after 1979 (more than 0.27 °C per decade vs. 0.13 °C per decade), with the greatest warming during winter (December to February) and spring (March to May) in the Northern Hemisphere.

The westerlies in the Northern Hemisphere, which increased from the 1960s to the 1990s but which have since returned to about normal as part of NAO and NAM changes, alter the flow from oceans to continents and are a major cause of the observed changes in winter storm tracks and related patterns of precipitation and temperature anomalies, especially over Europe.

The observed and projected rates of increase in freshwater runoff could potentially disrupt ocean circulation if global temperatures rise by 3 to 4 °C over this century as forecast by the IPCC 2001 report.

The former is likely to overestimate the true global surface air temperature trend (since the oceans do not warm as fast as the land), while the latter may underestimate the true trend, since the air temperature over the ocean is predicted to rise at a slightly higher rate than the ocean temperature.

Temperature changes relative to the corresponding average for 1901 - 1950 (°C) from decade to decade from 1906 to 2005 over the Earth's continents, as well as the entire globe, global land area and the global ocean (lower graphs).

There are some various proposed mechanisms to explain this that involve the surface energy balance (e.g., less coupling between the ground temperature and lower air temperature over land because of less potential for evaporation), and also lapse rate differences over ocean and land (see Joshi et al 2008, Climate Dynamics), as well as vegetation or cloud changes.

Cooling sea - surface temperatures over the tropical Pacific Ocean — part of a natural warm and cold cycle — may explain why global average temperatures have stabilized in recent years, even as greenhouse gas emissions have been warming the planet.

Arctic sea ice extent continued a rapid retreat through the first two weeks of July as a high pressure cell moved over the central Arctic Ocean, bringing higher temperatures.

A sea breeze, which is caused by the temperature and pressure difference between warm areas inland and the cool air over the ocean, often develops on warm summer days as well, increasing the on - shore flow pattern and maintaining a constant flow of marine stratus clouds onto the coastal areas.

Given how much yelling takes place on the Internet, talk radio, and elsewhere over short - term cool and hot spells in relation to global warming, I wanted to find out whether anyone had generated a decent decades - long graph of global temperature trends accounting for, and erasing, the short - term up - and - down flickers from the cyclical shift in the tropical Pacific Ocean known as the El Niño — Southern Oscillation, or ENSO, cycle.

More than 95 % of the 5 yr running mean of the surface temperature change since 1850 can be replicated by an integration of the sunspot data (as a proxy for ocean heat content), departing from the average value over the period of the sunspot record (~ 40SSN), plus the superimposition of a ~ 60 yr sinusoid representing the observed oceanic oscillations.

«The combined average temperature over global land and ocean surfaces tied with 2010 as the highest on record for April, at 58.09 °F (14.47 °C) or 1.39 °F (0.77 °C) above the 20th century average.»

# 192 «For example a strengthening of wind over some oceanic region http://web.science.unsw.edu.au/~matthew/nclimate2106-incl-SI.pdf then would increase the heat flow atmosphere - > ocean, leading to lower (dynamic) equilibrium temperature in the atmosphere which of course occurs very fast, as the thermal mass of the atmosphere is very low compared to the net energy throughput.»

Now since relative humidity remains roughly constant at the ocean surface and the air's capacity to hold water increases with temperature, relative humidity will actually decrease over land, particularly as one enters the continental interiors.

The former is likely to overestimate the true global surface air temperature trend (since the oceans do not warm as fast as the land), while the latter may underestimate the true trend, since the air temperature over the ocean is predicted to rise at a slightly higher rate than the ocean temperature.

However their predictions are about much more than just the average near - surface air temperature, they are mainly focused on how heat mixes into the ocean and how that affects the rise in surface temperature as CO2 is doubled over 100 years.

IMHO, the increase in speed of the Hadley / Walker cells may be the result of higher ocean temperatures (or temperature differences over long distances), not the origin (or to a lesser extent, as less clouds lead to some extra insolation, thus warming).

You may now understand why global temperature, i.e. ocean heat content, shows such a strong correlation with atmospheric CO2 over the last 800,000 years — as shown in the ice core records.

Air - water heat flux may not significantly affect the temperature of the ocean, but it does affect the temperature of the atmosphere — as in the air over Europe is warmed by the North Atlantic Drift.

1) It seems to me that the key mechanism for any impact must be the changes that increased arctic ocean temperatures will impose on the atmospheric circulation feature known as the Polar Cell, and via this on the Ferrel cell which sits over the mid latitudes.

Over very long time periods such that the carbon cycle is in equilibrium with the climate, one gets a sensitivity to global temperature of about 20 ppm CO2 / deg C, or 75 ppb CH4 / deg C. On shorter timescales, the sensitivity for CO2 must be less (since there is no time for the deep ocean to come into balance), and variations over the last 1000 years or so (which are less than 10 ppm), indicate that even if Moberg is correct, the maximum sensitivity is around 15 ppm CO2 / deg C. CH4 reacts faster, but even for short term excursions (such as the 8.2 kyr event) has a similar sensitivOver very long time periods such that the carbon cycle is in equilibrium with the climate, one gets a sensitivity to global temperature of about 20 ppm CO2 / deg C, or 75 ppb CH4 / deg C. On shorter timescales, the sensitivity for CO2 must be less (since there is no time for the deep ocean to come into balance), and variations over the last 1000 years or so (which are less than 10 ppm), indicate that even if Moberg is correct, the maximum sensitivity is around 15 ppm CO2 / deg C. CH4 reacts faster, but even for short term excursions (such as the 8.2 kyr event) has a similar sensitivover the last 1000 years or so (which are less than 10 ppm), indicate that even if Moberg is correct, the maximum sensitivity is around 15 ppm CO2 / deg C. CH4 reacts faster, but even for short term excursions (such as the 8.2 kyr event) has a similar sensitivity.

The HadCRUT4 dataset, compiled from many thousands of temperature measurements taken across the globe, from all continents and all oceans, is used to estimate global temperature, shows that 2017 was 0.99 ± 0.1 °C above pre-industrial levels, taken as the average over the period 1850 - 1900, and 0.38 ± 0.1 °C above the 1981 - 2010 average.

Though hurricanes strenthen when moving over warmer water, this is merely due to the fact that the horizontal temperature gradient of the atmosphere is not as steep, i.e. the temperature differential between the water and the atmosphere increases as the storm hits tropical waters; it is not the ocean temperature per se that drives the hurricane.

However, as the ocean's surface temperature increases over time from the effects of climate change, more and more heat is released into the atmosphere.

Verify using data collected only over the 1/3 of the planet that is covered with land strikes me as odd, particularly because we expect the land temperatures to rise faster than ocean temperatures.

During times of warmth, the ocean water levels rise as atmospheric moisture increases but at a rate decelerating when atmospheric temperatures over oceans approach say 33 C.

Notably, by studying the clouds over a limited region of the atmosphere over the eastern Pacific Ocean, as well as over nearby land masses, the team at the university's International Pacific Research Centre have declared themselves firmly in the latter camp, warning that, as temperatures continue to creep steadily upwards over the next 100 years, cloud cover will become thinner and more - sparse, thereby serving to exacerbate the problem.

Beck interpretes the latter as the direct influence of seawater temperatures, but the measurements near the floating ice border were just average, not the lowest... Modern measurements give less than 10 ppmv difference over the seas from the coldest oceans to the tropics, including a repeat of the trips that Buch made.

In your case, the ice cores must be wrong, in my case, there is no problem with ice core CO2 (neither with historical CO2 levels over the oceans), as the 0.3 K temperature increase in the period 1900 - 1950 causes an increase of about 0.9 ppmv CO2, which is within the accuracy of the ice core measurements, the rest of the observed increase is due to human emissions.

That reduces the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere somewhat, but as there is still an increase, the oceans are more important as temperature / CO2 regulator on medium term, while vegetation is faster on very short term (over the seasons CO2 goes down with temperature, over a year, CO2 goes up with temperature).

Because of these restraints the oceans locally can release only a small part of the total dissolved carbon dioxide and, more importantly, when averaged over a year the amount released equals the amount dissolved, i.e. there is not net addition of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere from the oceans so long as the temperature averaged over a year remains constant from year to year.

You just need to add that more zonal jets when the sun is active widen the subtropical high pressure cells and allow more energy into the oceans to skew Enso in favour of El Nino over and above the basic 60 year periodicity so as to get the observed millennial climate cycling.and the temperature stepping from one PDO positive or negative phase to the next.

Of course, this is not true of mean ocean heat capacity nor the world's mean temperature, however it may be substantial true over a 5 x 5 degree section of ocean or even a region as large as a single ocean basin.

While the warming of average global surface temperatures has slowed (though not nearly as much as previously believed), the overall amount of heat accumulated by the global climate has not, with over 90 percent being absorbed by the oceans.

From his blog, post # 11: «if you fix the temperature, as over the ocean here, you have to let the flux adjust to be consistent with that temperature — if you fix the flux (which is effectively zero over land) you have to let the temperature adjust to be consistent with that flux.»

The deep meaning in Global Temperature for me is the wondrous observation that, in order for life to evolve on planet earth, over four billion years, it seems as if we have never been either completely ice - free or without some open water across the oceans.

If there has been only a fairly small change in ocean heat flux over the last century and the ratio of global increase in surface temperature to increase in forcing is low (as the evidence certainly suggests), then it follows that climate sensitivity is low — perhaps of the order of 1.5 C.

With a rise in the overall temperature of the ocean, ocean - borne storms such as tropical storms and hurricanes, which get their fierce and destructive energy from the warm waters they pass over, could increase in force.

I.e. solar activity was high in most of the 20th centiry and then peaked in about 1985, together with a 20 - 30 year heat lag (since it remained high until 1996 as well), and oceans take a few decades to equilbrate, (the same as summer takes about 6 weeks to reach maximum temperature after the summer solstice, and every day it takes a few hours after noon to reach maximum temperature), so the earth has taken a few decades to reach maximum temperature after the long high in solar activity during the 20th century, and will now go down in temperature over the next few decades, with now both a negative PDO, and reduced solar activity.

Dessler (2011) used observational data (such as surface temperature measurements and ARGO ocean temperature) to estimate and corroborate these values, and found that the heating of the climate system through ocean heat transport was 20 times larger than TOA energy flux changes due to cloud cover over the period in question.

Over short periods of time natural variability such as from ENSO for example, can create short term effects that run contrary to the longer term trend of increasing ocean heat content and higher tropospheric temperatures.

As evident in the figures the near surface air temperatures are actually warmer over the Arctic Ocean (by over 1 °C in large areas) when the sea ice absorbs solar radiation and transfers some of this energy as sensible heat back into the atmospherAs evident in the figures the near surface air temperatures are actually warmer over the Arctic Ocean (by over 1 °C in large areas) when the sea ice absorbs solar radiation and transfers some of this energy as sensible heat back into the atmospheras sensible heat back into the atmosphere.

Over the generally - recognised ARGO period (2004/2005 to present) spatial variation in subsurface ocean temperature change has been huge, as evidenced by altimeter SLR trend maps.

It should come as no surprise that the models did overestimate the warming of the sea surface temperatures of the tropical oceans over the past 30 years.