Sentences with phrase «temperature scale they used»

Otherwise the OHC compu - tation depends on the temperature scale used.

The anointment of 2014 as the «warmest ever» year since 1880 is invalid because the NASA - GISS temperature scale they used is falsified.

We obtain an absolute temperature scale using the Jones et al. [69] estimate of 14 °C as the global mean surface temperature for 1961 — 1990, which corresponds to approximately 13.9 °C for the 1951 — 1980 base period that we normally use [70] and approximately 14.4 °C for the first decade of the twenty - first century.

Not exact matches

Le Duc cites companies like Tesla, which made electric cars fashionable; Nest Labs, which is revolutionizing home temperature control and energy use; and Solar City, which scaled up industrial solar panels, all of which are taking revenue from companies with older business models.

Using neutron scattering experiments at the BER II research reactor, Manfred Reehuis and Michael Tovar were successful in determining the structural and magnetic properties for each of the mixed crystal specimens over quite a wide temperature range, from near the zero point of the Kelvin temperature scale to above 900 K.

Measuring - Temperature and Thermometers Classifying Components of Mixtures Predicting - Surveying Opinion SAPA Part C, Directions for the Multiplication Game SAPA Part C and E, Multiplication Game SAPA Part D 1st Draft, c. 1972 The Whirling Dervish The Bouncing Ball The Effect of Liquid on Living Tissue Rate of Change Observing Growth from Seeds An Intro to Scales Forces on Static and Moving Objects Observations and Inferences Using Punch Cards to Record a Classification Using Maps to Describe Location A Tree Diary SAPA Part D 2nd Draft Observations and Inferences The Bouncing Ball Rate of Change A Tree Diary An Intro to Scales and Scaling Observing Growth from Seeds (The Bean - It Came Up) Forces on Static and Moving Objects Using Punch Cards to Record a Classification Relative Position and Motion Inferring - The Water Cycle Predicting 4 - The Suffocating Candle The Big Cleanup Campaign 2 - D Representation of Spatial Figures Using Maps to Describe Location SAPA Part D Tryout Draft, 1972 Observations and Inferences The Bouncing Ball Measuring Drop by Drop Rate of Change Predicting 4 - The Suffocating Candle Forces on Static and Movign Objects Observing Growth from Seeds Using Space / Time Relationships -2-D Representation of Spatial Figures Using Punch Cards to Record a Classification An Introduction to Scales and Scaling The Effect of Liquid on Living Tissue Inferring - The Water Cycle Relative Position and Motion Using Maps to Describe Location The Big Cleanup Campaign A Tree Diary SAPA II Module (s), c. 1973 1, Tentative Format Sample, Perception of Color 9, Sets and Their Members 6, Direction and Movement, Draft 34, About How Far?

The Fahrenheit and Celsius scales weren't yet invented, so he read the temperature on his instrument using his own system: 1 degree for every tenth of an inch.

Using different calibration and filtering processes, the two researchers succeeded in combining a wide variety of available data from temperature measurements and climate archives in such a way that they were able to compare the reconstructed sea surface temperature variations at different locations around the globe on different time scales over a period of 7,000 years.

Although we're used to talking about negative temperatures, such as − 10 °C, all temperatures on an ordinary thermometer are actually positive when measured in kelvin, the scientific temperature scale that starts at absolute zero (− 273.15 °C).

In addition, the data density and geographic extent of this study is far greater than most previous studies because over 16,000 stream temperature sites were used with thousands of biological survey locations to provide precise information at scales relevant to land managers and conservationists.

In order to use skyrmions as a storage medium, it must be possible to manufacture the surfaces or interfaces on a sufficiently large scale, they must contain enough of the magnetic material, and the magnetic vortex must also occur at room temperature.

This temperature curve, established using an isotopic thermometer, is widely applied for reconstruction of past environmental conditions and in this case, is based on the isotopic composition of the oxygen contained in the fossilised remains of fossil marine fish (bone, teeth, scales).

The underlying technologies of high temperature storage and thermophotovoltaic conversion could also be used to produce grid - scale batteries able to rapidly supplement other power sources by storing heat for quick conversion to electricity.

The greater material costs that such high - temperature operation entails encouraged Topsoe to use a thick anode instead, allowing it to scale down the electrolyte thickness and consequently reduce its resistance, allowing the cell to operate effectively at 750 °C, says Holm - Larsen.

Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that studies the effects of changes in temperature, pressure, and volume on physical systems at the macroscopic scale by analyzing the collective motion of their particles using statistics.

The team pioneered the use of an additive manufacturing technique called powder - bed fusion to print their small - scale receiver designs from Iconel 718, a high - temperature nickel alloy.

A research team led by Shunsuke Yoshizawa, ICYS researcher, NIMS, Takashi Uchihashi, leader of the Surface Quantum Phase Materials Group, MANA, NIMS, Emi Minamitani, assistant professor, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Toshihiko Yokoyama, professor, IMS, NINS, and Kazuyuki Sakamoto, professor, Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, succeeded in precisely controlling the transition temperature of atomic - scale - thick superconductors using magnetic organic molecules.

The efficiency of a traditional rooftop solar panel tends to break down by the time temperatures have reached 100 degrees Celsius, but larger - scale parabolics would be able to operate at much higher temperatures and retain the heat by using the cesium - coated semiconductors, Melosh said.

For example, much of our understanding of the large - and small - scale convection patterns driving plate tectonics has come about by using Birch - type proxies for temperature and composition.

The novel method, which produces ethylene at room temperature and pressure using benign chemicals, could be scaled up to provide a more eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to the current method of ethylene production.

While accounting for only a handful of total U.S. solar installations, the development of utility - scale solar thermal systems that concentrate the sun's energy to drive a traditional turbine using very high temperatures have also seen significant growth in recent years.

A number of recent studies indicate that effects of urbanisation and land use change on the land - based temperature record are negligible (0.006 ºC per decade) as far as hemispheric - and continental - scale averages are concerned because the very real but local effects are avoided or accounted for in the data sets used.

Using a technique known as thermochemical nanolithography (TCNL), researchers have developed a new way to fabricate nanometer - scale ferroelectric structures directly on flexible plastic substrates that would be unable to withstand the processing temperatures normally required to create such nanostructures.

Figure 4 - Spatial variability of the sea surface temperature (SST) trends scaled with the global surface air temperature (SAT) trend for each simulation used in the study.

Usually there is a Fahrenheit temperature indicated in brackets for the lowly US readers, the only country in the world still using the Fahrenheit temperature scale.

Figure 1 - Sea surface temperature trends scaled with global surface air temperature trends for half the climate models used in the study.

Here we use basin - scale climate indices and regional surface temperatures to estimate loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) nesting at a variety of spatial and temporal scales.

Methods used include those that interpolate according to local correlation structure (kriging) and reduced space methods that learn large - scale temperature patterns...

The research team used an atomic force microscope tip as a temperature probe to make the first nanometer - scale temperature measurements of a working graphene transistor.

By using computer simulations and extrapolating the results of experiments to larger scales, we can draw conclusions about the kinds of elements that would have been produced at extremely high temperatures inside huge stars billions of years ago.

The researchers used the measured temperatures from these two sites and the isotope data from the ice core from the overlapping time period (a method called «scaling») to quantitatively reconstruct earlier temperature variations.

Now, pressure can be given in any unit (since you're using psi, p0 = 14.7 psi at sealevel), but temperature must be given in an absolute scale, i.e. in Kelvin.

As the temperature of oceans continues to rise, creating unstable environments for large - scale fishing, and as the world population keeps increasing, fish farming or aquaculture, which can be done in oceans, ponds or tanks, has been increasingly used to supplement diets.

This property makes it meaningful to use thermometers as the «third system» and to define a temperature scale as well.

Local temperature curves were not used due to the geographic distance sampled and the short time scale of local curves.

Our work is a «downscaling» study, in which we first simulate past hurricane seasons, using as input observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs), the observed state of the atmosphere at the boundaries of our Atlantic domain, as well as the largest scales in the atmospheric flow over the Atlantic.

None of the large scale models used for the IPCC projections have been calibrated on the last millennium — because of uncertainty in the temperatures and uncertainties in the forcings.

Why not, using the same scaling, show the temperature changes from 1910 to 1945 and from 1945 to 1975 against the CO2 and Sun change over those periods and try and explain why that would show next to no relationship on that scaling?

It was chosen to use the local monthly temperature tendency as a scaling factor for the temperature from the runs forced with the Hadley Centre data, while precipitation rate and wind force are kept unscaled.

Given that impacts don't scale linearly — that's true both because of the statistics of normal distributions, which imply that (damaging) extremes become much more frequent with small shifts in the mean, and because significant breakpoints such as melting points for sea ice, wet - bulb temperatures too high for human survival, and heat tolerance for the most significant human food crops are all «in play» — the model forecasts using reasonable emissions inputs ought to be more than enough for anyone using sensible risk analysis to know that we making very bad choices right now.

For the 20th Century, models show skill for the long - term changes in global and continental - scale temperatures — but only if natural and anthropogenic forcings are used — compared to an expectation of no change.

GCM results are used: «The large - scale thermodynamic boundary conditions for the experiments — atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles and SSTs — are derived from nine different Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP2 +) climate models.»

The average temperature, and all other details of the climate system, will vary substantially depending on the time scale used.

However, I've never seen a single media article in any U.S. press outlet that covered these issues — the large - scale evidence for global warming (melting glaciers, warming poles, shrinking sea ice, ocean temperatures) to the local scale (more intense hurricanes, more intense precipitation, more frequent droughts and heat waves) while also discussing the real causes (fossil fuels and deforestation) and the real solutions (replacement of fossil fuels with renewables, limiting deforestation, and halting the use of fossil fuels, especially coal and oil.)

The temperature proxies are water isotope ratios that can be used to estimate Antarctic temperatures and, via a scaling, the global values.

What is new is that we have used proxy reconstructions of large - scale surface temperature (Mann et al, 2009) previously published by one of us (study co-author and RealClimate co-founder Mike Mann) that extend back to 900 AD (see «What we can learn from studying the last millennium (or so)») to estimate the circulation (AMOC) intensity over the entire last 1100 years (Fig. 3).

The correlation between surface temperature and the Arctic Oscillation (AO) index (18), which can be used to represent large - scale circulation patterns, is shown in Fig. 5.

However, since the linear average is meaningful, the one can make the average using any linear temperature scale with an arbitrary zero (you could use Celcius, Fahrinheit, Rankine, or what you will) since you can always write T (Rabett) = T (K) + To (Rabett) for every temperature.

I haven't got to the bottom of this yet, but there are several plausible explanations: (i) some of the simulations in the downloaded models from the CMIP3 ensemble stop early, affecting the whole envelope of results, (ii) the use of common EOFs fail to capture large - scale temperature patters that are too different from the past.

The researchers used a climate - vegetation model that showed (like several similar studies) a clear increase in Amazonian drought following a global average temperature rise — leading to a large - scale die - back of rainforest, switching to grassland and savanna climate suitability.