Sentences with phrase «temperatures estimated at»

How does the water remain liquid at temperatures estimated at — 14 °C and — 15 °C, well below freezing?

The warmest year ever recorded was 2010, with a temperature estimated at 0.54 °C above the 14.0 °C long term average of the 1961 - 1990 base period, followed closely by 2005.

Not exact matches

I've never tried making muffins with this recipe, but definitely if you're making muffins the cook time should decrease to maybe 20 - 25 mins at the same temperature I believe (I'm estimating here since I've never made them before.

In spite of the shutdown of colleges across the mid-Atlantic due to snow, and the -20 degree temperatures at Michigan State University that kept many students inside, an estimated 400 packaging, graphic design, sales and business students and faculty from 15 colleges and universities participated.

They weren't estimating or extrapolating from lab experiments — they were applying the laws of fundamental quantum mechanics to derive iron's properties at extreme pressures and temperatures.

«We only have about 150 years of direct measurements of temperature, so if, for example, we want to estimate how great of variations that can be expected over 100 years, we look at the temperature record for that period, but it can not tell us what we can expect for the temperature record over 1000 years.

Ballantyne's team estimated the temperature of the period at which the peat formed by measuring various things that are affected by temperature, including isotopes in tree rings and the amount of fossilised vegetation.

The team used real - time seasonal rainfall, temperature and El Niño forecasts, issued at the start of the year, combined with data from active surveillance studies, in a probabilistic model of dengue epidemics to produce robust dengue risk estimates for the entire year.

Since climate in a specific region is affected by the rest of Earth, atmospheric conditions such as temperature and moisture at the region's boundary are estimated by using other sources such as GCMs or reanalysis data.

To assess how future heat waves might affect air travel, researchers used climate models to estimate hour - by - hour temperatures throughout the year at 19 particularly busy airports in the United States, Europe, the Middle East, China, and South Asia for the period between 2060 and 2080.

This imploding shock wave can compress the interior of the bubble's contents even more; indeed, William C. Moss and his colleagues at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory have obtained theoretical estimates of the temperatures achievable with an imploding shock wave, and these values approach those required for nuclear fusion.

They developed a calculation to divide the sound into smaller pieces and then estimated the source location for all the small pieces, correcting for delays caused by the speed of sound in air at room temperature and at standard atmospheric pressure.

In the case of Scottsbluff, Vatistas and his team found that the temperature inside the tornado would have dropped from a comfortably warm background temperature of 27o C to a chilly 12o C. And at the tornado's centre, the researchers estimated the air density would have been 20 per cent lower than what's found at high altitudes.

To estimate the temperature at various depths (from 3,500 m to 9,500 m depth) the researchers have used the heat flow and temperatures at 1,000 m and 2,000 m provided in the Atlas of Geothermal Resources in Europe, as well as thermal data of the land surface available from NASA.

Previous estimates suggested that peak temperatures during the warmest interglacial periods — which occurred at around 125,000, 240,000 and 340,000 years ago — were about three degrees higher than they are today.

The full effects on the global climate will come later, and even if the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere stabilises at double today's levels the International Panel on Climatic Change (IPCC) estimates that by end of the 21st century the global temperature will have increased by between 1.5 °C and 4.5 °C.

Prior groups at NOAA, NASA, and in the UK (HadCRU) estimate about a 1.2 degree C land temperature rise from the early 1900s to the present.

They estimated that land - use changes in the continental United States since the 1960s have resulted in a rise in the mean surface temperature of 0.25 degree Fahrenheit, a figure Kalnay says «is at least twice as high as previous estimates based on urbanization alone.»

For example, energy companies estimate that raising the operating temperature by 1 percent at a single electric generation facility can save up to $ 20 million a year.

We estimate that the temperature difference was 2 - 6 degrees,» says Bo Vinther, Associate Professor at the Centre for Ice and Climate at the Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen.

The plentiful population of massive exoplanets in star - nuzzling orbits has been dubbed the «hot Jupiters»; COROT 9 b might be called a warm Jupiter — or even a cool one, if its true temperature turns out to be at the lower end of the estimated range.

Studies have already estimated that species such as butterflies are creeping toward the poles at a rate of six kilometers per decade as temperatures rise.

The newfound world circles its star at about 60 million kilometers, leaving it with a relatively mild temperature that Deeg's group estimates to be between minus 20 degrees Celsius and 150 degrees C, depending on its atmospheric makeup.

«Non-linear» animal reactions He and his colleagues based their analysis on nearly 500 million temperature records collected at 3,000 weather stations between 1961 and 2009, feeding that information into models that allowed them to estimate how climate shifts affected the metabolism of cold - blooded insects, lizards and amphibians around the world.

With an estimated burial temperature of 13 °C, the DNA's half - life was 521 years — almost 400 times longer than expected from lab experiments at similar temperatures.

Research at the University of Edinburgh first created a simple algorithm to determine the key factors shaping climate change and then estimated their likely impact on the world's land and ocean temperatures.

A global team of scientists, led by those at the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, used two different simulation methods and one statistical method to predict the impact of rising temperatures on global wheat production, and all came to similar estimates.

This so - called constant - composition commitment results as temperatures gradually equilibrate with the current atmospheric radiation imbalance, and has been estimated at between 0.3 °C and 0.9 °C warming over the next century.»

Abstract — James L. Crowley — 12 November 2010 Effects of Rapid Global Warming at the Paleocene - Eocene Boundary on Neotropical Vegetation Temperatures in tropical regions are estimated to have increased by 3 ° to 5 °C, compared with Late Paleocene values, during the Paleocene - Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, 56.3 million years ago)......... eastern Colombia and western Venezuela.

James Hansen, a climatologist at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York, US, has estimated that global temperature may need to rise just 1 °C more to tip the balance toward abrupt melting.

(Bottom) Patterns of linear global temperature trends from 1979 to 2005 estimated at the surface (left), and for the troposphere (right) from the surface to about 10 km altitude, from satellite records.

He says that «all five global temperature estimates presently show stagnation, at least since 2002.

The nuclear spin temperature is believed to be preserved indefinitely after the formation of a molecule, and hence gives an estimate of the temperature prevailing at the time of the last condensation of the ice.

At an estimated temperature between minus 54 and 9 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 48 to minus 13 degrees Celsius), the object is the coldest brown dwarf discovered as of April 25, 2014, as the previous coldest dwarfs were no colder than room temperature.

They, too, assume an equivalence in radiative forcing between GHG and aerosol, What they do is add different estimates of the aerosol radiative forcing to the GHG forcing, while keeping the temperature response fixed at the observed recent warming.

Indeed, the main quandary faced by climate scientists is how to estimate climate sensitivity from the Little Ice Age or Medieval Warm Period, at all, given the relative small forcings over the past 1000 years, and the substantial uncertainties in both the forcings and the temperature changes.

We argue that KELT - 18b's high temperature and low surface gravity, which yield an estimated ~ 600 km atmospheric scale height, combined with its hot, bright host make it an excellent candidate for observations aimed at atmospheric characterization.

Keep in mind that the Paris study, looking at all the science of global warming, will only project a «best estimate» that temperatures will rise by 3 Celsius (5.4 Fahrenheit) by 2100 over pre-industrial levels.

Global mean temperature for the period January to September 2017 was 0.47 ° ± 0.08 °C warmer than the 1981 - 2010 average (estimated at 14.31 °C).

Then they compared the computer - based estimates to the data they collected in their unique instrument at different temperatures.

Here we use basin - scale climate indices and regional surface temperatures to estimate loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) nesting at a variety of spatial and temporal scales.

At the planet's orbital distance of only 0.014 AU from its host star, however, the surface temperature has been estimated to be around 400 ° Fahrenheit (200 ° Celsius), which is way too hot for liquid water.

The grey bars at the right indicate the best estimate and likely range of temperatures.

Based on regional studies, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated that 20 — 30 % of the world's species are likely to be at increasingly high risk of extinction from climate change impacts within this century if global mean temperatures exceed 2 — 3 °C above pre-industrial levels [6], while Thomas et al. [5] predicted that 15 — 37 % of species could be «committed to extinction» due to climate change by 2050.

The team estimated the gas temperature at -240 to -250 degrees Celsius from the emission strength.

Curiously, the mean SEA estimate (2.4 ºC) is identical to the mean KEA number, but there is a big difference in what they concluded the mean temperature at the LGM was,....

Warming is most notable in winter, with satellite estimates of November - December temperatures at the North Pole showing a clear upward trend since 1990.

The temperature at its core has been estimated about 15,000,000 K. Energy is produced in its core by nuclear fusion, converts hydrogen atoms and releases huge amounts of energy.

Using the AKARI high resolution data we find a new «tepid» dust grain population at a temperature of ~ 35K and with an estimated mass of 0.06 sola... ▽ More We use new large area far infrared maps ranging from 65 - 500 microns obtained with the AKARI and the Balloon - borne Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (BLAST) missions to characterize the dust emission toward the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant (SNR).

Hi Gina, this is just an estimate because I haven't tried it - I'd bake them at the same temperature but only for 25 - 30 minutes.