They are very hot and very dense, with an average mass of around two solar masses contained within a radius
of tens of kilometres.
The seismic waves produced by the explosions will
travel tens of kilometres down before being reflected back to the surface and detected by the 1000 instruments deployed.
They used airborne radar soundings and satellite data to show that beneath the glacial ice were valleys so deeply incised that some of them were hundreds of metres below sea level, at distances
tens of kilometres from the sea.
The uneven distribution of material in the meteorite and calculations of its orbital trajectory suggest it came from an asteroid a few
tens of kilometres wide.
The team's computer model shows that a mountain breeze is transporting the
pesticides tens of kilometres (Environmental Science & Technology, DOI: 10.1021 / es0622709).
By using the research ship and robotic vehicles together, the NOC team were able to create a series of detailed maps of the site at different scales from
tens of kilometres down to a few millimetres.
Any satellite
within tens of kilometres would probably be destroyed and any unprotected satellites within hundreds of kilometres would risk being damaged or disabled.
Modern humans are unusually good long - distance runners: over distances
of tens of kilometres, well - trained athletes can outrun a horse.
Another factor in their favour is that young raccoon dogs can
travel tens of kilometres to find a territory — although this does mean that youngsters are frequently killed on roads.
Townsend says that using even the crude system he demonstrated this month will make it possible to communicate over
several tens of kilometres.
Problems arise because practical constraints on the size of computers ensure that the horizontal distance between model grid - points may be as much as a degree or two of latitude or longitude — that is to say, a distance of
many tens of kilometres.
The successful applicants flew to South Africa a few weeks later to help remove hominin bones and teeth from the cramped Dinaledi chamber in a cave system a
few tens of kilometres from Johannesburg (see diagram).
«Especially important were measurements with two satellites only a few
tens of kilometres from each other, in the region where the solar wind meets the Earth's magnetic field,» says Daniel Graham.
Carbon dioxide lidars provide estimates of wind structure and turbulence within a few
tens of kilometres of the instrument.