Although much is known regarding the specificity and efficacy of antibody responses, our knowledge of the function, phenotype, and specificity of the antigen - specific B cells that are responsible for antibody production, as well as for long -
term humoral memory, is inadequate.
Some of these «precursor outcomes» (e.g., heightened vigilance and preparedness for threats; enhanced inflammatory and
humoral responses to infectious microorganisms) appear to be aimed at protection from immediate dangers; they may reflect «adaptive trade - offs» that balance short -
term survival advantages under harsh rearing conditions against disadvantages manifested later in development.