Or is the long -
term stable system of climate more likely dominated by flat to negative feedback, as are most natural physical systems?
In fact, I have always argued that the climate models» assumptions of strong positive feedback (they assume really, really high levels) is totally unrealistic for a long -
term stable system.
Long -
term stable systems do not demonstrate this kind of radically positive feedback - driven runaway behavior (much longer post on climate and positive feedbacks here).
Not exact matches
I have ignored reasons that might justify lower discount rates or higher GDP adjustments for China mainly because the purpose of this essay is to explain why the U.S. multiple is so much higher than China's, and of course these reasons exist, but I think whatever the correct ratio should be, there is no question that advanced economies always justify higher multiples than developing economies because they tend to be economically more diversified and politically more
stable, and they usually have institutions, including clearer legal and regulatory frameworks, more sophisticated capital allocation processes, less rigid financial
systems, and smaller state sectors (which make smooth adjustment, one of the most valuable and undervalued components of long -
term growth, more likely).
Countries in these categories might need to focus on
systems that encourage long -
term financing and on maintaining
stable current account deficits.
He claimed to believe in Spinoza's god but then disavowed the label pantheist, quite possibly because he may simply not have known what it meant (it means nature, ie «all», AS god, and is not a form of polytheism, despite its similarity to the
term «pantheon», which is the «
stable» of gods within a single polytheistic
system).
We must recognize that in this context «adaptation» is strictly defined in
terms of survival values and that, generally speaking, it is the simpler forms of organization that possess the greatest staying power: living
systems, no matter how fantastically intricate - and well organized they might be, have a much shorter span of existence than, say, a rock crystal, or a single
stable atom.34
Another great benefit is that this
system would give the MTA a
stable and continuing source of cash for the foreseeable future — enabling it to make long -
term plans and investments instead of lurching from crisis to crisis every five years.
MAF empowers individuals to develop and strengthen the aerobic
system to supply
stable, long -
term energy, leading to reduced body fat, improved physical and mental energy, and resilience to stress and disease.
This shows that this
system is ideal for those singles over 40 that look for
stable and committed long -
term relationships, and for those that are more serious in dating and finding true love.
In
terms of actual playing, there were no issues noted at all with the
system seemingly very
stable in this respect.
In layman's
terms, the Fed supervises banks and other financial institutions to protect consumer rights and ensure our banking
system remains healthy and
stable.
Any risk - based capital
system that uses short -
term price, yield, or yield spread movements, will make the management of portfolios less
stable.
«The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve
System and the Federal Open Market Committee shall maintain long run growth of the monetary and credit aggregates commensurate with the economy's long run potential to increase production, so as to promote effectively the goals of maximum employment,
stable prices and moderate long -
term interest rates.»
But how does one distinguish between the behaviour of a
stable system to one that is undergoing a change in
terms of record - events?
The goal is to create a
stable, sustainable and affordable energy
system, and taking risks to maximise short -
term gains might jeopardise that.
In fact, a radiation increase MUST exist for the climate
system to be
stable, at least in the long
term.
To respond to this need the European Space Agency (ESA) has initiated a new programme, Global Monitoring of Essential Climate Variables (known for convenience as the ESA Climate Change Initiative) to provide an adequate, comprehensive, and timely response to the extremely challenging set of requirements for (highly
stable) long -
term satellite - based products for climate, that have been addressed to Space Agencies via the Global Climate Observing
System (GCOS) and the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS).
most long
term stable physical
systems are dominated by such negative feedback — just the usual retarded claim, which doesn't really even make sense.
Is the Earth's climate similar to most other complex, long -
term stable natural
systems in that it is dominated by negative feedback effects that tend to damp perturbations?
Since to me (and many scientists, although some wanted a lot more corroborative evidence, which they've also gotten) it makes absolutely no sense to presume that the earth would just go about its merry way and keep the climate nice and relatively
stable for us (though this rare actual climate scientist pseudo skeptic seems to think it would, based upon some non scientific belief — see second half of this piece), when the earth changes climate easily as it is, climate is ultimately an expression of energy, it is stabilized (right now) by the oceans and ice sheets, and increasing the number of long
term thermal radiation / heat energy absorbing and re radiating molecules to levels not seen on earth in several million years would add an enormous influx of energy to the lower atmosphere earth
system, which would mildly warm the air and increasingly transfer energy to the earth over time, which in turn would start to alter those stabilizing
systems (and which, with increasing ocean energy retention and accelerating polar ice sheet melting at both ends of the globe, is exactly what we've been seeing) and start to reinforce the same process until a new stases would be reached well after the atmospheric levels of ghg has stabilized.
A comparison of significant climate perturbations for the period from 1850 through 1990 is shown in Fig. 4, in
terms of the estimated energy that each has added to or subtracted from a
stable climate
system.
Also, as long as the feedback
term is less than unity, the
system is guaranteed
stable (aka unconditionally
stable) with or without a mythical «balancing negative feedback.»
In addition, a
stable regulatory
system is necessary to ensure long -
term finance to network operators.
The FIT
system coupled with the long -
term power purchase agreements with utility companies offers a prospect of long -
term stable cash flow for renewable projects which has attracted significant interest from investors and lenders.
This risk might be justified where the whole
system is in utter crisis but large parts of the
system (especially non-family civil legal aid) are
stable in cost
terms.