Our thoughts, our soul if you wish, is nothing
more than neurons and electrical impulses within our brain.
Yet they migrated more
than neurons in normal brains, as if trying to make up for their confusion by barreling forward willy - nilly.
Neurons taken from ethanol - injected mice showed on average more than twice as much LTP
than neurons from saline - injected mice.
«These guys are even more
sensitive than neurons,» says Sergey Kasparov, a University of Bristol molecular physiologist.
The second abnormality was, literally, a shocker: The knockout's neurons responded differently to electrical
stimulation than neurons in mice that were unimpaired.
The Gage team's previous breakthrough, published in Nature on October 28, 2015, suggested a reason, revealing that the neurons of people with bipolar disorder are more easily stimulated, firing electrical impulses more
rapidly than the neurons of people without the disorder.
For example, the scientists suggest that the technique could be used to visualize myelin, the lipid layer that wraps neurons and guarantees fast transmission of electrical signals, because it has a larger refractive
index than the neurons it surrounds.
This finding could add a layer of complexity to the interpretation of fMRI scans, because astrocytes may be subject to a different set of genetic and environmental
influences than neurons are.
They are more arborized (treelike, with many dendritic branches)
than neurons derived from typically developing individuals.
But the models of neuron types are likely to contain much less information than the connectome, as most scientists agree that there are far fewer neuron
types than neurons.
While the brain actually has more glial
cells than neurons, glial cells were long thought to provide only structural support to the neurons, much like cement supports a house.
Analyzing this wealth of data yielded several results, including the first direct structural evidence to support the idea that neurons that do similar tasks are more likely to be connected to each
other than neurons that carry out different tasks.
Astrocytes, an abundant supportive cell type in the brain, are
better than neurons at disposing of mutant huntingtin, the toxic protein that drives Huntington's disease pathology, Xiao - Jiang Li and colleagues report in this week's PNAS.
One reason why astrocytes are better at toxic protein
defense than neurons is: they have less of an inhibitory protein called HspBP1.
They can be made
easier than neurons and you can reprogram them to make chemicals that support neurons.
There are many more glial cells in the
brain than neurons, and astrocytes are the most abundant of the glia, so if you take a sample of brain tissue, you're fairly sure to get some astrocytes as part of the bargain.
Burrows and Sutton suspect that the gears evolved because they can synchronise the leg movements better and
faster than neurons can.
«Uncovering the power of glial cells: Brain implants can rely on
more than neurons to function.»