The effects of choice programs on educational attainment — how far an individual goes in school — are both larger and more consistent
than their achievement effects.
Further, he notes, «the effects of private - school - choice programs on educational attainment — how far an individual goes in school — are both larger and more consistent
than their achievement effects,» with programs narrowly targeted to low - income, urban students proving to be the most effective.
Not exact matches
Since the No Child Left Behind Act went into
effect in 2002, more data
than ever have been made available on schools, the quality of their teachers, and their student
achievement.
Of the three alternative certification pathways studied, teachers who enter through the path requiring no coursework in education have the greatest
effect on student
achievement, substantially larger
than that of traditionally prepared teachers.
Harrington, an assistant professor of public affairs, said NCLB has been in
effect for more
than 10 years, and prior research on the program mostly has focused on student
achievement.
With a pulse - pounding score by Alan Silvestri, beautiful cinematography from Trent Opaloch, impressive special
effects, and an incredible cast, Avengers: Infinity War is more
than a great movie, it's an honest - to - god
achievement in blockbuster filmmaking.
The wafer - thin plot is little more
than an excuse to showcase the astonishing
achievements of special -
effects makeup artists.
The
effects provide more
than enough to leave you happy with the technical
achievements but also maintain a sense of wonder.
These studies show, consistently, that parental schools of choice not controlled by public school districts 1) are usually prohibited by law from screening out students based on admission exams, 2) use ability tracking less frequently
than traditional public schools even when, legally, they can, and 3) may use ability tracking, but when they do, it is less likely to have a negative
effect on the
achievement of low - track students.
The first to examine the
effects of financial incentives among urban public school students, it found that rewards can produce excellent results in closing the
achievement gap — if they are tied to specific steps the students take rather
than to grades or test results.
The most extreme claim in the essay, among many, is that «the
effect of vouchers on student
achievement is larger
than the following in - school factors: exposure to violent crime at school...» Yep, you read that correctly: selecting a private school for your child is as damaging to them as witnessing school violence.
Of the more
than 1,300 studies identified as potentially addressing the
effect of teacher professional development on student
achievement in three key content areas, nine meet What Works Clearinghouse evidence standards, attesting to the paucity of rigorous studies that directly examine this link.
Estimates of teacher
effects on
achievement gains are similar in magnitude to those of previous econometric studies, but the authors found larger
effects on mathematics
achievement than on reading
achievement, and in low socioeconomic status (SES) schools
than in high SES schools.
Given that the median retiring teacher had 27 years of experience and was replaced by a teacher with less
than three years of experience, the fact that these retirements had little
effect on student
achievement is puzzling.
In
effect, he devotes this book to affirming James Coleman's 1966 finding that school differences have far less impact on
achievement differences
than do family characteristics, the mightiest of which, Rothstein says, is socioeconomic status.
By way of comparison, the authors note that the impact of being assigned to a teacher in the top - quartile rather
than one in the bottom quartile in terms of their total
effect on student
achievement as measured by student - test - based measures of teacher effectiveness is seven percentile points in reading and six points in math.
More analysis needs to be done here, of course, because the kids aren't identical and it's possible that student characteristics and school selection
effects rather
than instructional effectiveness explain much of the
achievement track record.
It is possible, however, to analyze the
effect of Prop 227 indirectly by examining the relationship between the percentage of students enrolled in bilingual education and the
achievement of English Learners across the more
than 9,000 schools in California.
Students in these grades make considerably smaller
achievement gains in charter schools
than they would have in traditional public schools, and the negative
effects are not limited to schools in their first year of operation.
The key question is whether KIPP's positive
effects on learning are attributable to a peer environment that is more conducive to academic
achievement than the peer environment found in traditional public schools.
According to an analysis of approximately 800 meta - analyses, including more
than 52,000 studies and millions of students, teachers who study their own
effects on student learning are highly effective in raising student
achievement (Hattie, 2009).
More
than a dozen published analyses of random - assignment experiments reveal the
effects of winning a voucher in a lottery on educational
achievement and attainment.
Literature reviews by scholars Alan Krueger, Larry Hedges, and Rob Greenwald have arrived at different conclusions
than Hanushek's concerning the
effects of resources on student
achievement.
What is clear, however, is that both Catholic schools and voucher programs for low - income families show stronger
effects on students» educational attainment
than on their
achievement as measured by standardized tests.
If this is the case, any positive correlation between private schooling and student
achievement could reflect a country's income or educational commitment rather
than any beneficial
effects of competition.
The estimated
effects of the private school share on student
achievement are somewhat smaller in science and reading
than in math, but they remain substantial, positive, and statistically significant (see Figure 2).
In terms of measured
effect sizes, feedback, remediation, and direct or explicit instruction are more effective in promoting student
achievement than problem - based learning, inductive teaching, inquiry - based teaching and the like.
The Coleman Report concluded that parents» involvement in their children's lives had a vastly greater
effect on
achievement and eventual success
than schooling did.
In Tulsa, Oklahoma, New Jersey, and Boston, pre-kindergarten programs demonstrate impressive outcomes that include positive
effects on math scores, grade retention, and chronic absenteeism at the end of grade 8; increased
achievement on language arts, literacy, math, and science, as well as decreased grade retention and special education placement at the end of grade 5; and stronger
than typical impacts on academic readiness (
effect sizes in the 0.4 — 0.6 range) at school entry.
As well, CT showed larger
effects on the mathematics
achievement of special need students
than that of general education students, the positive
effect of CT was greater when combined with a constructivist approach to teaching
than with a traditional approach to teaching, and studies that used non-standardized tests as measures of mathematics
achievement reported larger
effects of CT
than studies that used standardized tests.
Interventions have had stronger
effects on math
achievement than on reading comprehension.
The
effects are more
than twice as large for students in the bottom third of test - scorers
than for those in the top third, suggesting that later start times may be an especially relevant policy change for districts striving to close
achievement gaps.
This is consistent with a number of studies that show larger
effects in math
than in reading, presumably because reading
achievement is more strongly influenced by family and other factors besides schooling.
Yet our estimates suggest that the
effect of middle - school entry on student
achievement is larger for students entering in grade 7
than for students entering in grade 6.
We find strong evidence that rather
than harming
achievement in reading and science, double - dosing had positive
effects across the board.
We also track
achievement effects across three grades, again more
than any previous study.
ii ABSTRACT Isolating the
effect of a given teacher on student
achievement (value - added modeling) is complicated when the student is taught the same subject by more
than one teacher.
Another important finding of this study was that, while prior effort did have an
effect on current
achievement — learning is cumulative, after all — the
effect was much smaller
than that of current effort.
While general motivation toward school (as measured by attendance and punctuality) also had a direct
effect on math
achievement, it was smaller
than that of math attitude.
Models of student
achievement in a given year as a function of prior
achievement and other controls tend to give higher correlations
than other models, see: Daniel F. McCaffrey, Tim R. Sass, J. R. Lockwood, and Kata Mihaly, «The intertemporal variability of teacher
effect estimates,» Education Finance and Policy, 4, no. 4, (2009): 572 - 606.
Research confirms what logic and experience dictate: that teachers - in training are significantly less effective in supporting student
achievement than those who are fully trained when they enter teaching, and that the negative
effects are particularly pronounced for students whose success depends most acutely on fully - trained professionals.
Dr. Geoffrey Borman's recent meta - analysis of student
achievement outcomes in 29 leading CSR models found that «the overall
effects of CSR are significant, meaningful, and appear to be greater
than the
effects of other interventions that have been designed to serve similar purposes and student and school populations.»
Related, I should note that in a few places the authors exaggerate how, for example, teachers»
effects on their students»
achievement are so tangible, without any mention of contrary reports, namely as published by the American Statistical Association (ASA), in which the ASA evidenced that these (oft - exaggerated) teacher
effects account for no more
than 1 % -14 % of the variance in students» growth scores (see more information here).
During the 1980s, when desegregation was in full
effect — with forced busing in some cities and less dramatic strategies elsewhere — the black - white
achievement gap on the National Assessment for Educational Progress shrunk faster
than it ever has before or since.
Interestingly,
achievement benefits of private school choice appear to be somewhat larger for programs in developing countries
than for those in the U.S. Wolf explains, «Our meta - analysis avoided all three factors that have muddied the waters on the test - score
effects of private school choice.
Overall, the research showed that the use of instructional grouping formats, especially student pairing, had more positive
effects on students» reading
achievement than whole class instruction.
Estimating such
effects is challenging, in part, because
achievement tends to be measured far less frequently
than absence, which is a day - by - day phenomenon.
Many have written about the nature of programs in teacher education: too varied, too theoretical, too much reliance on craft knowledge rather
than based on elements of research, too little research on the
effects of teacher preparation programs, a lack of attention to determining their
effects on student
achievement, and so on.
But because school
effects on average levels of
achievement are smaller
than the
effects of families and communities, even if teachers were the largest school
effect, they would not be a very big portion of the overall
effect.
The
effect of the teacher on student
achievement has been shown to be greater
than