For the ocean to be liquid there must be substantial sources of heat — from tidal heating based on the shape of its orbits, or from heat emanating from radioactive decay and entering the ocean
through hydrothermal vents.
The entire ocean volume circulates
through hydrothermal vents about every 40 million years.
Lead scientist Jeffrey Hawkes, currently a postdoctoral fellow at Uppsala University in Sweden, directed an experiment in which the researchers heated water in a laboratory to 380 degrees Celsius (716 degrees Fahrenheit) in a scientific pressure cooker to mimic the effect of ocean water passing
through hydrothermal vents.
The new study determined that the methane contained in the fluid leached from sub-seafloor rocks, and was not formed
through hydrothermal vent circulation, as had been previously thought.
Not exact matches
We started finding the same organisms that people were reporting from deep - sea
hydrothermal vents [where hot, mineral - laden fluid flows
through volcanic rock into the ocean from deep within the Earth].
In Pescadero Basin, however,
hydrothermal -
vent fluids pass
through thick layers of seafloor mud.
Geysers and deep - sea
vents are
hydrothermal phenomena in which water, heated and pressurized by molten rock, is released
through vents at the land surface or into the oceans.
The geysers
through which this water emerges are known as
hydrothermal vents.
The unusual changes in currents may help explain how the larvae of the heat - loving creatures living around
hydrothermal vents are dispersed
through long stretches of near - freezing waters to reach other warm havens, says Adams.
One of the most prevalent theories as to how life evolved on Earth is
through chemical reactions at deep sea
hydrothermal vents.
Sending out a spacecraft that can drill
through the ice and probe for organisms will be the only way to find out if the moon in question doesn't have vaporous plumes like those that originate in the
hydrothermal vents of Enceladus.
From 1977
through 1979, Alvin made a series of dives to further investigate the nature of these
hydrothermal vent communities.
Water, salts, organics, and methane make their way from the
hydrothermal vents on the ocean bottom to the surface
through cracks in the icy crust, erupting as geysers.
Before whale falls were well documented, it was thought that this type of biodiversity was only seen at cold - seep sites and
hydrothermal vents, where hydrogen sulphide and methane naturally escape
through the sediment.
Decapod crustaceans from
hydrothermal vents and cold seeps: a review
through 2005.
Various geophysical techniques have been employed in efforts to determine the heat output from
hydrothermal vent fields4 — 9; however, the magnitudes of the heat and chemical fluxes
through these systems remain uncertain.
But like the
hydrothermal vents, cold seeps can support high densities of specialized life forms
through a process called chemosynthesis.
The communities of bacteria around deep sea volcanic (
hydrothermal)
vents survive by converting highly toxic hydrogen sulfide into food
through chemosynthesis much like surface algae convert sunlight to food via photosynthesis.