Sentences with phrase «through ocean layers»

Not exact matches

Along one string of sites, or «stations,» that stretches from Antarctica to the southern Indian Ocean, researchers have tracked the conditions of AABW — a layer of profoundly cold water less than 0 °C (it stays liquid because of its salt content, or salinity) that moves through the abyssal ocean, mixing with warmer waters as it circulates around the globe in the Southern Ocean and northward into all three of the major ocean baOcean, researchers have tracked the conditions of AABW — a layer of profoundly cold water less than 0 °C (it stays liquid because of its salt content, or salinity) that moves through the abyssal ocean, mixing with warmer waters as it circulates around the globe in the Southern Ocean and northward into all three of the major ocean baocean, mixing with warmer waters as it circulates around the globe in the Southern Ocean and northward into all three of the major ocean baOcean and northward into all three of the major ocean baocean basins.

The thermal gradient through this layer dictates the rate of heat loss from the (typically) warmer ocean surface, to the cooler atmosphere above.

«If those plumes are connected with the subsurface water ocean we are confident exists under Europa's crust, then this means that future investigations can directly investigate the chemical makeup of Europa's potentially habitable environment without drilling through layers of ice.

Once the gradient has changed, all heat leaving the ocean thereafter has to negotiate its way through the layer.

ENSO events, for example, can warm or cool ocean surface temperatures through exchange of heat between the surface and the reservoir stored beneath the oceanic mixed layer, and by changing the distribution and extent of cloud cover (which influences the radiative balance in the lower atmosphere).

Drilling through many meters of ice to Europa's ocean or to the pristine sub-surface layers of Mars will be hard.

and every bit the film that Ocean's Eleven should have been, Layer Cake takes on the raffish personality of Craig's professional cad, gliding through its convoluted plot with the grace of a brass - knuckled ballerina.

The ocean was still spitting some mist and you could hardly see the wharf through the foggy marine layer.

ENSO events, for example, can warm or cool ocean surface temperatures through exchange of heat between the surface and the reservoir stored beneath the oceanic mixed layer, and by changing the distribution and extent of cloud cover (which influences the radiative balance in the lower atmosphere).

Their argument goes like this: It is not possible that warming of the deep ocean accelerates at the same time as warming of the upper ocean slows down, because the heat must pass through the upper layer to reach the depths.

That the heat absorption of the ocean as a whole (at least to 2000 m) has not significantly slowed makes it clear that the reduced warming of the upper layer is not (at least not much) due to decreasing heating from above, but rather mostly due to greater heat loss to lower down: through the 700 m level, from the upper to the lower layer.

Ocean serves as the memory whereby slow oceanic Rossby waves and Kelvin waves propagate through the basin and affect the depth of the oceanic surface layer of warm water.

Thus, if the absorption of the infrared emission from atmospheric greenhouse gases reduces the gradient through the skin layer, the flow of heat from the ocean beneath will be reduced, leaving more of the heat introduced into the bulk of the upper oceanic layer by the absorption of sunlight to remain there to increase water temperature.

The extra warmth would therefore have to pass from the atmosphere through the 0 — 700m layer to reach the 700 — 2,000 m layer of the ocean.

In fact, because over 90 % of the solar radiation passes through the thin transparent surface layer of the oceans, you should use less than 10 % of that 161W / m ^ 2 in Stefan - Boltzmann calculations.

Personally I don't believe there's any significant greenhouse warming going on over the ocean and failure of ARGO to detect the energy passing through the mixed layer corroborates that.

A boundary layer with a higher temperature requires the deeper ocean to have a higher temperature for it to sustain the same flux (deltaT) through the boundary layer to the atmosphere (the deeper ocean (< 1 mm) still needs to loose the solar energy or it would start boiling eventually).

Deep ocean currents occasionally push through the warm surface layer in the south eastern Pacific in one of the major areas for upwelling on the planet.

It is described by Here, a1 is a fixed heat capacity, which we approximate as the effective heat capacity per unit area of a 75 m ocean mixed layer; a3 corresponds to a doubling of atmospheric CO2 levels causing a forcing of 3.74 W m − 2; and C0 is the pre-industrial concentration of CO2 [30]; a0 and a2 are both able to vary, and control the climate sensitivity, and rate of advection of heat through the thermocline, respectively.

Then, especially when there is excessive cloud cover over the oceans, the Sun's energy absorbed above the clouds can actually make its way down to the ocean surface (and below) warming the oceans by non-radiative processes, not by direct solar radiation which mostly passes through the thin surface layer and could barely raise the mean temperature of an asphalt paved Earth above -35 C.

How does * any * energy from the ocean arrive at the surface air interface if not by passing through the skin layer?

One effect among many is to reduce the temperature gradient within the skin layer of the ocean and hence reduce the rate of cooling of the upper mixed layer (the first few meters of which are warmed by the Sun) to the atmosphere and also, radiatively, through the atmospheric infrared window, directly to space.

It is not «conduction» but exchange of radiation; if you keep your hands parallel at a distance of some cm the right hand does not (radiatively) «warm» the left hand or vice versa albeit at 33 °C skin temperature they exchange some hundreds of W / m ² (about 500 W / m ²) The solar radiation reaching the surface (for 71 % of the surface, the oceans) is lost by evaporation (or evapotranspiration of the vegetation), plus some convection (20 W / ²) and some radiation reaching the cosmos directly through the window 8µm to 12 µm (about 20 W / m ² «global» average); only the radiative heat flow surface to air (absorbed by the air) is negligible (plus or minus); the non radiative (latent heat, sensible heat) are transferred for surface to air and compensate for a part of the heat lost to the cosmos by the upper layer of the water vapour displayed on figure 6 - C.

Oxygen enters the ocean through two ways: interactions between its surface and the atmosphere, and as a photosynthesis byproduct from phytoplankton in upper layers of the ocean, much in the same way plants on land produce oxygen.

Without atmosphere the surface of the ocean or land would lose o (T ^ 4 — Ts ^ 4)(1) where Ts is the temperature of the space (about 4K) while in the presence of the atmosphere the heat losses are hc * (T — Tl)(2) and o (T ^ 4 — Tl ^ 4)(3) where (2) represents the heat transfer by convection (inclusive conduction) through the air layer and (3) corresponds to the net flow due to the heat exchange by radiation, Tl being the mean temperature of the air layer.

The emissivity and absorptivity of the ocean are set to 1, there are no ocean currents, the atmosphere doesn't heat up and cool down with the ocean surface, the solar radiation value doesn't change through the year, the top layer was 5 mm not 1μm, the cooler skin layer was not modeled, a number of isothermal layers is unphysical compared with the real ocean of continuously varying temperatures..

Thus, all else being equal, anything which warms the skin layer from above, including LWR, will reduce the rate of conductive heat transfer through that layer thereby reducing the rate at which the oceans dissipate absorbed Solar energy.

However, tropical storms cool the ocean surface through mixing with cooler deeper ocean layers and through evaporation.

Dutrieux et al. (p. 174, published online 2 January) provide another layer of detail to our understanding of the process through observations of ocean temperatures in the surrounding waters.

The conviction that climate changed only slowly was not affected by the detailed climate records that oceanographers recovered, with increasing frequency from the 1920s through the 1950s, from layers of silt and clay pulled up from the ocean floor.

R Gates - There are two aspects to ocean warming; increased greenhouse gas content of the atmosphere warms the cool - skin layer of the ocean and lowers the thermal gradient through that layer.

As more and more people have pointed out the heat accumulation in the deep ocean, a common argument in the denialosphere has been that the measurements are wrong, because how could heat accumulate in the deep ocean without first passing through the top layer and being detected via ARGO floats and the like (apparently they're also saying this heat was never noticed near the surface).

This is still very early science, and we have some estimates of what may happen to those from modelling studies, from looking at the way in which the heating of the very upper layers of the Arctic Ocean is transferred down through the depth of the ocean - even in these relatively shallow Arctic shelf regions - and then into the sediments that would allow the methane hydrates to destabiOcean is transferred down through the depth of the ocean - even in these relatively shallow Arctic shelf regions - and then into the sediments that would allow the methane hydrates to destabiocean - even in these relatively shallow Arctic shelf regions - and then into the sediments that would allow the methane hydrates to destabilise.

«Meltwater couldn't penetrate vertically through the solid ice layer, and instead drained along the ice sheet surface towards the ocean»