Thus «x» is any propositional function with individuals for its
arguments, «(x) x» means «there exists some individual in the universal domain that has the property».4 At the lowest level in the theory of types there are individuals — a, b, c, d,... n, but the precise identification of the individuals is left
open since the system of logic was only to be used as a foundation for pure mathematics.
Here is the
argument locating this chapter in the context outlined in the
opening paragraphs: The legal order in some significant measure becomes a substitute for the religious order — the order that supplies meaning — and
thus sets the stage for the emergence of civil religion.