Studies involving mice also helped to answer a key question: What turns on the activity of the per and
tim genes in the first place?
These experiments revealed that the CLOCK protein targets the per gene in mice and both the per and
tim genes in flies.
The per and
tim genes are active until concentrations of their proteins become high enough that the two begin to bind to each other.
The system had come full circle: in flies, whose clocks are the best understood, the CLOCK protein — in combination with a protein encoded by a gene called cycle — binds to and activates the per and
tim genes, but only if no PER and TIM proteins are present in the nucleus.
Not exact matches
We knew this had to be a new
gene, and we named it timeless, or
tim.
We used the
tim and per genes to make PER and TIM proteins in the laborato
tim and per
genes to make PER and
TIM proteins in the laborato
TIM proteins in the laboratory.
PER and
TIM block the ability of CLOCK to turn on these
genes at the same time as they are producing the oscillations of the central feedback loop — setting up extended patterns of cycling
gene activity.
He discovered a second clock
gene, called timeless, that encodes another protein,
TIM, which is required for a normal circadian rhythm.
That
gene's protein, called
TIM, works with PER to drive the clock.
More than half of Americans carry a variant of an immune - response
gene,
TIM - 1, that makes people much less likely to get asthma — but only if they have been exposed to hepatitis A.
Young then discovered another
gene, called timeless, that expressed a protein called
TIM, which works in conjunction with PER to build up and control expression of the period
gene.
We can make copies of those 13
genes, modified in fairly obvious ways so that the
TIM / TOM machinery will work on them, and put these copies into the chromosomes in the nucleus.