What is
the time constant for the effects of a carbon tax to be detected in the atmosphere?
This would mean that there would be a single effective heat capacity for the climate system, and a single effective
time constant for the system as well.
You wrote «the IPCC thinks that
the time constant for the post-pulse decay in the concentration of CO2 is on the order of 100 years.
So that's
the time constant for conductive relaxation, close enough.
That gives
us the time constant for the decay rate of the extra volume when the extra inflow would be stopped.
The time constant for the increase thus is RinH / Vh.
However, I have grave theoretical misgivings about the existence of a single long
time constant for a real planet.
If
the time constant for the anomalies is totally different from the one for absolute values, the model fails.)
In short, though, I think that the interest in unforced variability and in instabilities both in the field and in the general public masks the well - known fact that
the time constant for radiative equilibrium of the atmosphere alone is on the order of weeks.
The IPCC uses several time constants: the constant for the exchange rate of ~ 8 years, and several
time constants for the decay rates in different compartiments, ranging from less than a year (ocean surface) to decades (deep oceans) to centuries and millennia (rock weathering, sedimentation).
But given
the time constants for heating (or cooling) the oceans, there's at least a half - century time lag between a large change in forcing and a final temperature equilibrium.
And
the time constants for paleo are so many orders of magnitude different from modern climate change as to be totally irrelevant to our current circumstances.
Also glaciers sliding on under - ice rivers and lakes don't lend themselves to single
time constants for the whole Earth.
A volcanic eruption provides a natural experiment in which
time constants for the onset and decay of the consequent radiative perturbation may be measured.
We analyse the response of the atmospheric humidity, temperature and radiative fields to the eruption of Mt Pinatubo to determine
time constants for the growth and the decay of perturbations in these fields.
Not exact matches
The
constant pressure of running an efficient business and the emotional exhaustion of
time spent on the job puts entrepreneurs at risk
for serious mental health issues.
This beauty features a
constant flow of air at a lower altitude, lighting to match the appropriate
time for your body clock, larger windows with button controlled shades, more space and comfort, and design that provides a quieter flight.
He says that figure has remained fairly
constant for some
time — suggesting there is a small hard core base of people who use bitcoin as everyday money, while the vast majority are using it to speculate and invest.
Henry Blodget, editor of the Business Insider website, said his wake - up call came when his six - year - old daughter playfully gave him the Native American name «Daddy who is boring»
for his
constant pecking at keys during supposed quality
time with his kids.
The
Times reports that in the years after «The Biggest Loser,» contestants reported near -
constant feelings of hunger and cravings, which often led some to binge after they'd succeeded in sticking to a healthy eating regimen
for several weeks.
There are two main reasons (apart from a continual lack of enough
time and a
constant lack of enough money)
for the persistence of this particular problem and both can be addressed — maybe not entirely eliminated — if we just keep a couple of simple ideas in mind.
True creativity needs
time and space — shortcircuit the creative process with
constant quick rational responses and you eliminate the space
for the really innovative.
And when an online service makes a change to its API, Temboo adjusts the code on the back end — a huge
time - saver that eliminates one of the biggest headaches
for developers:
constant updates.
An effective user acquisition strategy is the holy grail
for many marketers, whether it be a mix of channels that generate a
constant flow of new users at a sustainable cost or a clever tactic that gives a new product a boost in users in a short period of
time.
In fact, failure is probably the
constant of modern commerce: Companies are launched, they exist
for a period of
time, and then, well, they pretty much all fail.
Bitcoin's slow transaction
times have been a
constant issue
for the cryptocurrency, one which is linked to its scalability problem.
This loan option gives buyers a long
time to pay off the loan (30 years) and the interest rate remains the same
for that entire
time, making it easier to budget monthly payments as they stay
constant.
One of the downsides of a one - dimensional focus on analytics and the
constant quest
for «real -
time» is conditioning a team to be primarily reactive.
With a 30 - year fixed - rate mortgage, not only do you have a long
time to pay off the loan (three decades) but your monthly payments will remain
constant for the duration of the loan, unless you decide to refinance.
In their December 2016 paper entitled «Cross-Asset Signals and
Time Series Momentum», Aleksi Pitkajarvi, Matti Suominen and Lauri Vaittinen examine a strategy that
times each of country stock and government bond (
constant 5 - year maturity) indexes based on past returns
for both.
Man is a noble creature, so that
constant state of chaos may be occasionally broken by intermittent
times of peace that men may work together
for some purpose or endeavor that may seem advantageous at the
time, but the morality of men by themselves is a fickle thing, and it is ever changing to please an ever declining sense of morality of the masses.
From writers who are creatively exhausted from managing a
constant stream of online feedback, to readers who can't seem to pull themselves away from their smartphones, to activists who are burned out from responding to yet another crisis with a social media campaign, to foodies who can't enjoy a meal without snapping a photo
for Instagram, our writing, reading, and sharing habits consume more of our
time and mental energy than ever.
Katherine, try not to get jaded by that - there's plenty of «good news» out there; just blame the media
for the
constant «bad news» focus all the
time.
This is the first
time I have been unable to thank my wife
for help with a book; yet the thought of her has been a
constant support and stimulus.
For the sake of argument you take them a long way apart — miles or millions of miles — and all the
time the total spin would remain
constant.
For example, if you walk around the table, its appearance will change all the
time, but you know that the table has a
constant form.
2) such a reading fails to account
for the multi-faceted ways in which that
constant is presented (various authors, genres,
times & contexts, all saying the same thing).
The communes themselves, moreover, have worked together in close co-operation and at the same
time have left complete freedom
for the
constant branching off of new forms and different types of social structure, the most famous of which are the kvuza and the kibbuz.
This ontological disjunction makes apocalyptic thinking an anthropological
constant:
time is always coming to an end
for each individual, after which the world will be no more.
«If we nudge one of these
constants just a few percent in one direction, stars burn out within a million years of their formation, and there is no
time for evolution.
For the relation between these kinds of movement is available for thought and extrinsic to time just as long as these different movements do not continuously fade into one another, such that in this movement of constant fusion with one another as definite kinds, they partly lose their identity to one another and partly result from one anoth
For the relation between these kinds of movement is available
for thought and extrinsic to time just as long as these different movements do not continuously fade into one another, such that in this movement of constant fusion with one another as definite kinds, they partly lose their identity to one another and partly result from one anoth
for thought and extrinsic to
time just as long as these different movements do not continuously fade into one another, such that in this movement of
constant fusion with one another as definite kinds, they partly lose their identity to one another and partly result from one another.
Finally he is reminded of the extremely critical
time in which he lives, which calls
for constant watchfulness and lays upon him the most solemn responsibilities.
not sure i said this before or not, i have been on cnn.com
for over a year — anyway — i have been going to random churches, temples, really place that worships any form of the of abraham and others — i have yet to get anywhere but where i started from — which is what i am, what i am meant to be, and what i was... only this has been gained — gained is a gift of a word
for i knew all of this before i started and so i view my
time as wasted only
for this the reason of getting somewhere — i did meet many great people with great views but all required the very real existence of god which was something lacking and why they had a
constant failure yet what they called «keeping the faith» att itude type results... something was missing or missunderstood — your take?
For instance, I was blown away when I discovered
time is not always
constant, but may be affected by gravity.
To worship a three - in - one god born of a virgin who he impregnated himself, and then killed himself as a sacrifice to himself, so that he may spare his own creation from his own wrath requires a
constant pounding of myth
for extended periods of
time from childhood.
3At present,
for example, the well - entrenched neo-Darwinian hypothesis of «gradualism» (biological evolution occurs slowly, and more or less continuously as the
constant interplay of random variations and natural selection over vast periods of
time) is confronted with a somewhat more radical and neo-Lamarckian theory of «punctuated equilibrium» favored by Harvard biologists Stephen Jay Gould and Peter Williamson, collaborated by fossil discoveries of paleontologist and cultural anthropologist Richard Leakey in Africa.
At the same
time this paradigm poses a
constant temptation
for the Church, the more so because its humanism is post-Christian and draws so heavily on a vision of the human which is inspired by Biblical revelation and the person of Christ.
But such congruity is possible only if this principle of order is at the same
time understood as a
constant source of novelty as well.5
For it is in the influx of novelty into our universe that those deviations from order, regularity and tranquillity that we loosely refer to as «chance» occurrences take place.
Let «TrL» be the truth - predicate
for the system L. Suppose the object - language sentences contain variables and
constants for times.
Because paid -
time religious broadcasters refuse to recognize these inherent limitations of the medium and thus refuse to compensate
for them in the presentation of their message, they are in
constant danger of removing the nonverbal, experiential, and interpersonal dimensions of religious faith and substituting in their place a passive observation of pseudo-religious spectacle.