Sentences with phrase «total aerosol»

However, this doesn't translate to a satellite - based estimate of total aerosol forcing because many of these studies only cover indirect effects.

Nevertheless, the similarity between results from inverse and forward estimates of aerosol forcing strengthens confidence in estimates of total aerosol forcing, despite remaining uncertainties.

For total aerosol forcing using the AR4 uncertainty ranges for individual components, the 90 % confidence range, by quadrature, is ± 0.86 W / m2 (see Table 4).

When extra forcing of -0.25 or -0.5 W / m ^ 2 is added his prior mean total aerosol forcing is very substantially more negative than -0.7 W / m ^ 2 (the posterior mean without the extra indirect forcing).

Table 8.7 shows that the best estimate for total aerosol RF (RFari + aci) has fallen from − 1.2 W / m ² to − 0.7 W / m ² since AR4, largely due to a reduction in RFaci, the uncertainty band for which has also been hugely reduced.

So for the cooling period the growth in spacial coverage likely far outpaced the amount of increase in total aerosols unlike the prior period and the make - up of the source was significantly different.

This setup allows diagnostics of total aerosol flux perturbations (direct + indirect + rapid responses), and from the same simulations the influence of emissions and «climate» on pollutants can be separated.

With the posterior mean less negative than the 95 % point of the prior, the observational data must be pointing to an even less negative total aerosol AF estimate than -0.8 W / m ^ 2, with the wing of the prior pulling the posterior to a more negative mean.

Using their methodology, Evan et al. find that a decline in total aerosols contributed around two - thirds of the observed warming in NH tropical Atlantic SST between 1982 and 2007.

The estimated total aerosol effect is lower than in TAR mainly due to improvements in cloud parametrizations, but large uncertainties remain.

The authors infer the amount of total aerosol using the Advanced Very High - Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite instrument and screen for locations where dust is present (they note that other aerosols might be mixed with the dust, but neglect this overlap).

d Uncertainties taken into account (e.g., uncertainty in ocean diffusivity K, or total aerosol forcing εforc).

These results typically provide a somewhat smaller upper limit for the total aerosol forcing than the estimates given in Chapter 2, which are derived from forward calculations and range between — 2.2 and — 0.5 W m — 2 (5 to 95 % range, median — 1.3 W m — 2).

Additionally, aerosols from biomass burning could cause an important fraction of the total aerosol forcing although this forcing shows little hemispheric asymmetry.

c 5 to 95 % inverse estimate of the total aerosol forcing in the year given relative to pre-industrial forcing.

Effective ocean diffusivity, Kv, and total aerosol forcing, Faer, are estimated simultaneously with S.

But the Shindell TCR estimate range corresponding to the AR5 5 - 95 % total aerosol forcing range is unbounded on the upside: it is approximately 0.95 C to infinity.

Regarding the new black carbon forcing estimates in Bond et al. 2012 (the paper reported on in the linked Guardian article), this is the main reference used for the BC direct estimate in the Second - order draft, which presumably informs the total aerosol RF estimate in some way.

Put in a two - hemisphere energy - balance model and using observed hemispheric temperature changes and ocean heat uptake changes you can easily arrive at an independent total aerosol forcing estimate - one that also implies small net total aerosol forcings that are reasonably consistent with the latest observatiional findings.

This forcing is calculated using the total aerosol amount inferred from the AVHRR data.