The difference in
total cholesterol between infant feeding groups varied slightly with the age of the subject at the outcome measurement.
In total, we were able to extract mean differences in
total cholesterol between those breastfed and formula - fed from all 17 eligible studies (representing 17 498 subjects); of these differences, 13 were based on the response of individual authors (11 703 subjects), whereas 4 were obtained from the published literature (Figure 1 and Table 1 for both).
Not exact matches
In a meta - regression analysis, the mean differences
between feeding groups observed in each study were unrelated to the mean
total cholesterol concentrations in that study (P = 0.42).
The estimates for the 7 studies reporting exclusive feeding were more homogeneous (χ2 = 8, P = 0.23) than were the estimates from all 17 studies; the overall mean difference in
total cholesterol from the 7 studies reporting exclusive feeding was stronger (mean difference: − 0.15 mmol / L; 95 % CI: 0.23, − 0.06 mmol / L; Figure 3) than that in the remaining 10 studies (14 388 subjects) that did not report exclusive feeding (mean difference: − 0.01 mmol / L; 95 % CI: − 0.06, 0.03 mmol / L; χ2 = 14, P = 0.12; test for difference
between groups, P = 0.005).
Meta - regression was also used to establish whether mean concentrations of
total cholesterol in each study had any effect on mean differences
between feeding groups.
Sui and colleagues used data from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study to assess levels of
total cholesterol, low - density lipoprotein
cholesterol, high - density lipoprotein
cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein
cholesterol and triglycerides in a
total of 11,418 individuals who were observed during health examinations
between 1970 and 2006 at the Cooper Clinic, Dallas, TX.
Globorisk measures cardiovascular risk in individuals aged 40 or older by factoring in the person's smoking status, blood pressure, diabetes status, and
total cholesterol level, whilst adjusting for the effects of sex and age on cardiovascular disease
between countries.
After controlling for age, education, smoking, B.M.I., diabetes, hypertension and other characteristics, the researchers found no association
between cardiovascular disease and
total cholesterol or egg consumption in either carriers or noncarriers of ApoE4.
One 2014 study in the medical journal Neurology found that, contrary to popular belief, there might actually be no association
between high
total cholesterol and stroke risk.
No significant associations were found
between dietary
cholesterol,
total fat and other kinds of fat.
«This systematic review and meta - regression analysis of 108 randomised controlled trials using lipid modifying interventions did not show an association
between treatment mediated change in high density lipoprotein
cholesterol and risk ratios for coronary heart disease events, coronary heart disease deaths, or
total deaths whenever change in low density lipoprotein
cholesterol was taken into account.
Consuming
between 50 and 100 g of nuts at least five times a week as part of a healthy diet, with at least 35 %
total fat, can decrease
total cholesterol 2 — 16 % and LDL - C 2 — 19 % in people with normal and elevated lipid levels.
We found a statistically significant, substantial association
between change in low density lipoprotein
cholesterol and risk ratios for coronary heart disease events, coronary heart disease deaths, or
total deaths, adjusted for other lipid subfractions and drug class.»
Unless I was reading it wrong, there was no significant difference
between baseline and 8 wk values for TGs,
total and LDL
cholesterol, but there was a significant increase of HDL by 8 weeks which would decrease the LDL: HDL and TC: HDL ratios.
«All fats raise serum
cholesterol; Nearly half of
total fat comes from vegetable fats and oils; No difference
between animal and vegetable fats in effect on CHD (1953); Type of fat makes no difference; Need to reduce margarine and shortening (1956); All fats are comparable; Saturated fats raise and polyunsaturated fats lower serum
cholesterol; Hydrogenated vegetable fats are the problem; Animal fats are the problem (1957 - 1959).»
Perhaps surprisingly,
total cholesterol has only weak associations with heart disease and diabetes — weaker, in fact, than the correlation
between these conditions and plant protein intake (+25 and +12, respectively).
Furthermore, positive associations
between TSH and LDL as well as
total cholesterol levels have been found in cross-sectional studies in euthyroid healthy subjects, and the strength of these associations seems to depend on an individual's insulin sensitivity.We therefore hypothesize that the KD has diminished the production of T3 from T4, thereby reducing the number of LDL receptors and thus reducing LDL particle clearance which might be further impaired due to the missing stimulating effect of insulin on LDL uptake into cells.
The optimal range of
total serum
cholesterol is
between 180 and 200 mg / dL.
However, experts have now reviewed the research and found there is no link
between heart disease and
total fat, saturated fat, or dietary
cholesterol.
Note too that McDougall and Fuhrman both do not put much if any stock in the necessity of achieving a
total cholesterol level below 150, a point of agreement
between them.
Even on Mike Eades blog, however, I found out that the recommended
total cholesterol should be
between 180 and 220, so he's still high.
It's this ratio
between cholesterol that's most important for the development of cardiovascular disease, rather than simply
total cholesterol levels.
And there is little correlation
between total cholesterol level and risk for heart disease, contrary to the prevailing propaganda.
Some folks like to make a ratio
between HDL and LDL, while others like the ratio
between HDL and
total cholesterol.
Studies have shown a clear link
between total fat intake and blood
cholesterol, which is strongly linked to heart disease, according to the researchers.
For some time, researchers sought answers on how to improve heart health by studying the relationship
between serum
total cholesterol levels and the risk of heart disease.
In the present study, the positive association
between added sugar intake and CVD mortality remained significant after adjusting for the conventional CVD risk factors, such as blood pressure and
total serum
cholesterol.
Although much of the early work on the link
between diet and CVD focused primarily on dietary fats and their effect on
total and LDL -
cholesterol concentrations, there are many other dietary elements that can operate synergistically to promote atherosclerosis.
For Preferred Non Tobacco your
total cholesterol falls
between 280 and 300, and the ratio can be higher, around 6.
The NATSIHMS participants also demonstrated the associations
between (1) smoking and low levels of «good» HDL
cholesterol; and (2) obesity and high
total cholesterol, low «good» HDL
cholesterol, and high rates of «bad» LDL
cholesterol and triglycerides.