A literature review of numerous energy sources CO2 emissions by the IPCC in 2011, found that, the CO2 emission value that fell within the 50th percentile of
all total life cycle emissions studies conducted was as follows.
Not exact matches
Although natural gas generates less greenhouse gas than coal when burned, when its
total life -
cycle emissions associated with extraction and distribution are factored in, it does not seem much cleaner than coal
Remember the
total is the sum of direct
emissions from burning fuel and indirect
emissions from the
life cycle, which means the industrial processes required to build it.
Why I Prefer Wind to Nuclear... The claim covered
total energy and carbon dioxide
emissions and the conclusion was that hybrids...
Life cycle Costs.
There is a whole field of
life -
cycle analysis (LCA) wherein people study the
total emissions required both to make a power plant and to operate it.
...
total life -
cycle energy inputs and greenhouse gas
emissions contribute an additional 63 % for onroad, 155 % for rail, and 31 % for air systems over vehicle tailpipe operation.
Fugitive methane
emissions occur at every stage of the natural gas
life cycle; however, the
total amount of leakage is unclear.
The half
life time of the accumulation in mass of CO2 in the atmosphere is entirely different of the half
life time of the accumulation in % in the atmosphere of the
emissions, which is governed by the
total carbon
cycles between air and oceans / vegetation.