According to Klotzbach et al. (2010), which the Watts paper references, there should be an amplification factor of ~ 1.1 between surface and lower
troposphere temperatures over land (greater atmospheric warming having to do with water vapor amplification).
Not exact matches
Pielke, who said one issue ignored in the paper is that
land surface
temperature measurements
over time show bigger warming trends than measurements from higher up in a part of the atmosphere called the lower
troposphere, and that still needs more explanation.
Animation 1 compares the GISS
land surface air
temperature trends to UAH lower
troposphere temperature trends
over land for the period of 1979 to 2012.
This warming can be seen in measurements of
troposphere temperatures measured by weather balloons and satellites, in measurements of ocean heat content, sea surface
temperature (measured in situ and by satellites), air
temperatures over the ocean, air
temperature over land.
Since you are a frequent visitor to WUWT, you are well aware that I have illustrated, explained, and animated cause (ENSO) and effect (the warming of sea surface
temperatures, ocean heat content, lower
troposphere temperatures, and
land + sea surface
temperatures) in dozens of blog posts
over the past 3 1/2 years.
Here, we present an explanation for time - invariant
land — sea warming ratio that applies if three conditions on radiative forcing are met: first, spatial variations in the climate forcing must be sufficiently small that the lower free
troposphere warms evenly
over land and ocean; second, the
temperature response must not be large enough to change the global circulation to zeroth order; third, the
temperature response must not be large enough to modify the boundary layer amplification mechanisms that contribute to making φ exceed unity.