At the planet's equator is a layer of
turbulent air flow, which smoothes out at higher latitudes, notes Fred Taylor, a University of Oxford physicist and interdisciplinary scientist for the Venus Express mission.
«In contrast the Brazuca, with its deeper grooves, hits that
turbulent air flow at a lower speed with the result that the ball is much more predictable.
The group also measures
the turbulent air flow to understand how it interacts with the drifting snow.
This is the world's first draught - stop system that enables different comfort levels to be selected for two occupants, as the driver and passenger can individually pivot the units to the centre of the vehicle in a flash, thus taming
turbulent air flow from the rear.
To my eyes, it seemed that there was still quite a lot of
turbulent air flowing around the body of the Civic, but the quality of my aerodynamic analysis could be one of the reasons why I shoot cars for a living rather than design them.
There's also Airguide, a new draught - stop system consisting of pivoting transparent plastic layers attached to the reverse of the roll - over bars — the driver or passenger can swing them to the centre of the vehicle in a flash to tame
turbulent air flow.
Not exact matches
That thin layer of turbulence acts as a lubricant that allows the rest of the
air to
flow smoothly all the way around the ball, minimizing the size of the
turbulent wake and the drag — a phenomenon known as the drag crisis.
«By sensing gusts and disturbances in
air flow through their feathers, birds are able to fly gracefully rather than bouncing around in
turbulent air,» he said.
Turbulent air generates considerably more drag than smooth -
flowing (laminar)
air.
So while the general idea of turbulence in
air is correct, your calculation underestimates the tendency for
turbulent flow.
Using the Reynolds number above in your calculation, you can see that
turbulent flow in
air would happen (at a height of 1m above ground) at a velocity of 0.0315 m / s.
The
air itself is mainly just limiting the rate of heat loss, more
turbulent mixing and a higher
flow rate just enhances the rate of loss.
Personally, I don't think the difference between
turbulent and laminar
flow is all that significant for this issue: In either case, you're going to be mixing
air of one temperature («outside») with
air of another («inside»).