Scientists from across the globe have been researching binary operations in DNA, RNA and proteins for over a decade now, but Maxim Nikitin and his colleagues were the first to propose and experimentally confirm a method to transform almost any
type of nanoparticle or microparticle into autonomous biocomputing structures that are capable
of implementing a functionally complete set
of Boolean
logic gates (YES, NOT, AND and OR) and binding to a target (such as a cell) as result
of a computation.