Sentences with phrase «type of signaling molecules»

Not exact matches

CRAC channels control the entry of calcium into immune and other cell types, and calcium is an important intracellular signaling molecule that modulates cytokine production and the immune response.

In the direct reprogramming, the researchers exposed the adult skin cells to a specific mix of signaling molecules the scientists» past research had found would convert healthy skin cells directly into a type of brain cell called medium spiny neurons, without intermediate steps along the way.

The researchers looked for 200 types of immune - signaling molecules called cytokines and identified 64 that were different, usually more abundant, in the eyes affected by NIV.

Eventually he found that if he treated GRP cells with a special signaling molecule, they generated a type of astrocyte called GDA (glial - restricted precursor derived astrocyte).

In lymph nodes, a particular type of stromal cells that forms a scaffold for lymphocytes to crawl around within the node normally secretes an enzyme called autotaxin, which is responsible for the production of the lipid signaling molecule, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA).

Knowing that inflammation improves insulin signaling rather than hindering it could usher in a new era for treatment of type 2 diabetes, one that targets molecules in the inflammatory pathway.

«Although the two types of inhibitory neurons are very similar to each other in terms of morphology, synaptic connectivity, and the kinds of small molecules they use for signaling, they're very different in terms of the methylation pattern.

«Our main challenge was to find the right timing and concentration of the signaling molecules that would yield V2a interneurons instead of other neuronal cell types, such as motor neurons,» said first author Jessica Butts, a graduate student in the McDevitt lab.

They are responsible for adding sugar molecules to numerous different types of proteins, whether it's a cell wall, or it's a small signaling peptide, which is what's responsible for the phenotypes in tomato.»

IL - 6 is a cytokine, a signal molecule that is produced and secreted both by immune cells and by tumor cells and binds specifically to a receptor (IL - 6R) that is found on the surfaces of many cell types.

The types can be distinguished by the molecules they produce, but scientists haven't had a full picture of how they interact with each other as signals move through the sensory cortex.

«Our research revealed how small RNA molecules can work with other cell signals called transcription factors to generate specific types of neurons, in this case motor neurons.

When the researchers added a specific bone morphogenetic protein called BMP4, as well as another signaling molecule called retinoic acid, to human embryonic stem cells, they got a mixture of two types of sensory interneurons.

They homed in on astrocytes, a type of brain cell that clears the signaling molecule glutamate out of the way after it has performed its job of delivering a message across a synapse between two nerve cells.

Adding a signaling molecule called WNT, while also blocking the activity of another molecule known as BMP, promotes differentiation into one kind of mesoderm; conversely, adding BMP while blocking WNT drives the cells to instead become the other type of mesoderm.

Data from the laboratory shows that signals from these molecules through their receptors control the activities and long - term survival of T cells, as well as affecting the activities of other cell types including dendritic cells, macrophages, and epithelial cells.

Activated ERK1 / 2 modulates the functions of several transcription factors, protein kinases, protein phosphatases, cytoskeletal proteins, signaling molecules, apoptosis - related proteins, as well as other types of proteins [32], while activated AKT modulates the function of numerous substrates involved in the regulation of cell survival, cell cycle progression and cellular growth [33, 34], whereas JNK acts as pro-apoptotic as well as anti-apoptotic depending on the conditions [35].

NKG2D is a type of immunoreceptor — a molecule present on the surface of the body's immune cells that recognises signals from normal cells that are distressed.

Scientists can screen collections of small organic molecules — the type of molecules needed for pill - based drugs — to find any that compete with the peptides by binding tightly to Gα proteins and preventing them from transmitting signals.

By comparing the body chemistry of normal, wild - type worms with the chemistry of worms that have a signaling defect, i.e. «worms that can't talk», the researchers detected molecules that were only present in wild - type worms, but not in «silent» worms.

In 1993, while at the Sloan - Kettering Cancer Center in New York, Rothman performed the key experiment that has forever linked his work to that of Thomas Südhof and Richard Scheller, by demonstrating that the same molecules that control this process in the nervous system, in the release of signaling molecules called neurotransmitters, are important to vesicle transport and fusion in all cell types.

Calcitonin Gene - Related Peptide Enhances the Expression of Signaling Molecules of the Wnt 7b / Beta - Catenin Pathway in Rat Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells Under Hyperoxia

Calcitonin Gene - Related Peptide Enhances the Expression of Signaling Molecules of the Wnt 7b / Beta - Catenin Pathway in Rat Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells Under Hyperoxia Hyperoxic lung injury is characterized by epithelial cell death and leukocyte infiltration / inflammation in the lung.

Finally, the strategy applied here for selective delivery of MK801 can be extended to other small molecules for use in brain tissue (Tian et al., 2012), allowing for an approach that combines chemistry, molecular genetics, and neurobiology to dissect cell signaling pathways in specific cell types in the central nervous system.

It involves dozens of cell types and hundreds of different signalling molecules, all of which communicate in immensely complex ways.

Moreover, the idea that the brain was isolated from immune reactions was challenged long ago by insights about microglia cells, a type of macrophage which resides in the brain, engulfs antigens, and produces pro-inflammatory signaling molecules called cytokines.