Only 3 of the affected dogs had an affected parent, and breedings between an affected and an unaffected parent could produce either
all unaffected offspring or a mix of affected and unaffected offspring in the same litter.
The analysis revealed that, compared to children in the control group, bipolar patients and
unaffected offspring of bipolar parents had genetic alterations that can influence the response to stress.
Researchers analyzed peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a total of 18 children and adolescents in three matched groups: bipolar patients,
unaffected offspring of bipolar parents and children of parents with no history of psychiatric disorders.
Not exact matches
Male
offspring, on the other hand, were
unaffected by the elevated maternal androgen levels, but displayed anxiety - like behaviour in response to maternal obesity.
two
unaffected parents and an affected
offspring?
Many sires, both affected and
unaffected, produce far more
offspring than the recommended limit of 105 puppies, which makes it quite difficult to measure the effect of preventive actions, and to control inherited diseases, such as distichiasis, within a population.
A relative risk (RR) ranging from 1.3 to 1.8 demonstrates that
offspring of two affected parents are more likely to be affected than
offspring descending from either one or two
unaffected parents.
I.e., in
offspring produced by one affected and one
unaffected parent the relative risk was 1.3 times higher compared to the risk in
offspring produced by two
unaffected dogs.
The scale of liability (standard deviation from threshold) within the population of dogs comprising
offspring from
unaffected parents, and
offspring from one and two affected parents, respectively, were used for the estimation of heritability according to published methods described for threshold characters [14].
The scale of liability (standard deviation from threshold) within the population of dogs comprising
offspring from
unaffected parents and
offspring from one and two affected parents respectively were used for the estimation of heritability according to methods described for threshold characters [12].
In
offspring produced by two affected dogs the relative risk was 1.4 times higher compared to
offspring from the previously mentioned mating combination and 1.8 times higher compared to
offspring produced by two
unaffected dogs.
It is important to remember that breeding · clear · dogs does not absolutely guarantee that puppies will be
unaffected, as it is not usually possible to determine which genes both dam and sire carry and how their combinations will affect
offspring.