In the last few years, however, a technological revolution in the extraction of so -
called unconventional fossil fuels has transformed this situation with breathtaking speed.
This 130 GtC can be obtained mainly from the easily extracted conventional oil and gas reserves (Fig. 2), with coal use rapidly phased out and
unconventional fossil fuels left in the ground.
Immediately repeal existing tax breaks for fossil fuel exploration and production, and halt efforts to extend and expand tax credits for
unconventional fossil fuel production technologies, like carbon capture and storage and enhanced oil recovery.
The second figure shows that if coal emissions were thus phased out between 2010 and 2030, and if emissions
from unconventional fossil fuels such as tar shale were minimized, atmospheric CO2 would peak at 400 - 425 ppm and then slowly decline.
«The amount of carbon released during this time was vast — more than 30 times larger than all the fossil fuels burned to date and equivalent to all the current conventional and
unconventional fossil fuel reserves we could feasibly ever extract.»
Tax and dividend is the policy complement that must accompany recognition of fossil carbon reservoir sizes for strategic solution of global warming (the physics: reservoir sizes imply the need to phase out coal emissions promptly and
quash unconventional fossil fuels).
An overwhelming objection is that exploitation of tar sands would make it implausible to stabilize climate and avoid disastrous global climate impacts... [I] f emissions from coal are phased out over the next few decades and
if unconventional fossil fuels including tar sands are left in the ground, it is conceivable to stabilize earth's climate.
As recoverable oil reserves dwindle, there will be increasing pressure to convert coal to liquid fuels as well as
exploit unconventional fossil fuels like methane hydrates, tar sands, and oil shale.
The State Department doesn't even raise the possibility that the pipeline should be stopped in order to keep a lid on the total amount of
unconventional fossil fuels burned around the world.
Geert de Cock, policy officer for Food & Water Europe said: «The Commission proposals
on unconventional fossil fuels fail to deliver the robust rules that the Commission's own impact assessment, the Parliament, opinion polls and the International Energy Agency have called for.
I had a chance to speak with Hansen in the midst of the action, and he took a moment to explain why tar sands represent «a critical juncture» for our future,
why unconventional fossil fuels are so dangerous, and how our politics could feasibly fight climate change.
No, he seems to mean that if we allow the Keystone XL to set a precedent — that we aim aim to develop dirtier, more expensive,
unconventional fossil fuels instead of renewable sources — then it will be game over for the climate system as we know it.
Yet governments and industry are rushing into expanded use of fossil fuels,
including unconventional fossil fuels such as tar sands, tar shale, shale gas extracted by hydrofracking, and methane hydrates.
This 130 GtC can be obtained mainly from the easily extracted conventional oil and gas reserves (Fig. 2), with coal use rapidly phased out and
unconventional fossil fuels left in the ground.
The alternative pathway, which the world seems to be on now, is continued extraction of all fossil fuels, including development of
unconventional fossil fuels such as tar sands, tar shale, hydrofracking to extract oil and gas, and exploitation of methane hydrates.
Despite the lobbying and incessant TV ads from the indsutry, NYers, and upstaters in particular, are paying more attention to the reports of independent scientists and the lived experience of our PA neighbors, which is causing opposition to
unconventional fossil fuel extraction to grow.
Responsible policymaking requires a rising price on carbon emissions that would preclude emissions from most remaining coal and
unconventional fossil fuels and phase down emissions from conventional fossil fuels.
The fee for
unconventional fossil fuels, such as oil from tar sands and gas from hydrofracking, should include carbon released in mining and refining processes, e.g., methane leakage in hydrofracking [245]--[249].
But it is also clear that, absent a price on carbon emissions, as the price of energy rises, the amount of economically extractable fossil fuels increases, including
unconventional fossil fuels.
Shale gas drilling has been a headline - making and contentious political subject that features prominently in the rhetoric of politicians seeking votes, and Merkel's government in February unveiled a new draft law that permits development of
the unconventional fossil fuel through fracking, albeit with conditions.
U.S. and Canadian governments must agree that
the unconventional fossil fuels, tar sands and tar shale, will not be developed.
The game - changer is «
unconventional fossil fuels,» much of it trapped in shale — rock that often contains oil or gas.
«The principal requirement is that coal emissions must be phased out by 2030 and
unconventional fossil fuels, such as tar sands, must be left in the ground.»
Quantitative policy implications have been defined: coal emissions must be phased out over the next 20 years, and
unconventional fossil fuels, such as tar sands and oil shale, must remain undeveloped.