Be aware that even when a physical diagnosis is made, behavioral therapy may be needed in addition to medical treatment since behavioral problems can arise as a result of negative
conditioning by pain,
fear and discomfort associated with the
underlying medical
condition.
Furthermore, neuroimaging studies investigating the neural correlates that
underlie emotional processing deficits characteristic for youth with ODD problems, such as poor
fear conditioning and impaired processing of emotional faces (Glenn and Raine, 2008; Hyde et al., 2013; Blair et al., 2014; Baker et al., 2015), have suggested divergent results.