This is demonstrated
in the studies reviewed
in the special issue, which use computational models to examine
brain processes, such as learning, emotion, dopamine
signaling and information processing, and how processes interact
in deficits
underlying psychiatric disease.
I've tried to classify illusions
in a way that shows the principles
underlying them, starting with physical causes, moving on to physiological disturbances of neural
signals, and finally to cognitive processes — where the
brain tries to make sense of sensory
signals, not always successfully.
Marijuana, like other drugs of abuse, stimulates
brain dopamine (DA)
signaling in the nucleus accumbens (1, 2), which is a mechanism believed to
underlie the rewarding effects of drugs (3 ⇓ — 5) and to trigger the neuroadaptations that result
in addiction (reviewed
in ref.
15
In fact, type 2 diabetes (T2D)-- a condition stemming from broken glucose metabolism and insulin signaling — has been identified as an additional risk factor for developing AD.16, 17 Moreover, the pathological changes that occur in AD in the brain physically resemble those seen in the pancreas and vasculature in T2D.9, 18 Type 2 diabetics who carry ApoE4 alleles are at the greatest risk for AD, with an even more severe risk reserved for those treated with exogenous insulin.19 This suggests that either T2D or related features of the metabolic syndrome bring about AD, or that they are separate consequences of the same underlying cause — and moreover, that insulin is a key facto
In fact, type 2 diabetes (T2D)-- a condition stemming from broken glucose metabolism and insulin
signaling — has been identified as an additional risk factor for developing AD.16, 17 Moreover, the pathological changes that occur
in AD in the brain physically resemble those seen in the pancreas and vasculature in T2D.9, 18 Type 2 diabetics who carry ApoE4 alleles are at the greatest risk for AD, with an even more severe risk reserved for those treated with exogenous insulin.19 This suggests that either T2D or related features of the metabolic syndrome bring about AD, or that they are separate consequences of the same underlying cause — and moreover, that insulin is a key facto
in AD
in the brain physically resemble those seen in the pancreas and vasculature in T2D.9, 18 Type 2 diabetics who carry ApoE4 alleles are at the greatest risk for AD, with an even more severe risk reserved for those treated with exogenous insulin.19 This suggests that either T2D or related features of the metabolic syndrome bring about AD, or that they are separate consequences of the same underlying cause — and moreover, that insulin is a key facto
in the
brain physically resemble those seen
in the pancreas and vasculature in T2D.9, 18 Type 2 diabetics who carry ApoE4 alleles are at the greatest risk for AD, with an even more severe risk reserved for those treated with exogenous insulin.19 This suggests that either T2D or related features of the metabolic syndrome bring about AD, or that they are separate consequences of the same underlying cause — and moreover, that insulin is a key facto
in the pancreas and vasculature
in T2D.9, 18 Type 2 diabetics who carry ApoE4 alleles are at the greatest risk for AD, with an even more severe risk reserved for those treated with exogenous insulin.19 This suggests that either T2D or related features of the metabolic syndrome bring about AD, or that they are separate consequences of the same underlying cause — and moreover, that insulin is a key facto
in T2D.9, 18 Type 2 diabetics who carry ApoE4 alleles are at the greatest risk for AD, with an even more severe risk reserved for those treated with exogenous insulin.19 This suggests that either T2D or related features of the metabolic syndrome bring about AD, or that they are separate consequences of the same
underlying cause — and moreover, that insulin is a key factor.