Dogs in the puppy class (PC) group (n = 44) attended the class for 1 hr each week for 6 weeks, dogs in the puppy party (PP) group (n = 39) attended a 1 - hr «puppy party,» dogs in the adult class (AC) group (n = 27)
undertook basic obedience lessons for adolescent / adult dogs for 1 hr each week for 6 weeks, and dogs in the no class (NC) group (n = 32) underwent no formal training.