However, contemporary formulations within the field of developmental psychology point to
the unmistakably circular nature of causality in family interactions (Ambert, 1992, 1997; Lerner & Spanier, 1978; Chess & Thomas, 1984).
In the past 20 years, however, family systems theorists and therapists have demonstrated
unmistakably the circular nature of causality in family interactions (Saposnek, 1983a).