Sentences with word «unobserved»

By correlating outcomes with only the reform - induced variation in school spending (rather than all variation in spending), one removes the confounding effect of unobserved factors that might influence both school spending and student outcomes.

They obtain qualitatively similar results for this sample, suggesting that discrimination rather than unobserved differences in student experience drives the small but statistically significant result.

When we more fully account for unobserved heterogeneity between children who are breastfed and those who are not, we are forced to reconsider the notion that breastfeeding unequivocally results in improved childhood health and wellbeing.

In order to remove the confounding influence of unobserved factors that have an impact on both school spending and student outcomes, we calculate how much spending in a given school district would have been predicted to change due solely to the passage of an SFR, and use that prediction, rather than the spending change the district actually experienced, as our key variable.

We can hope to eliminate some of this bias by controlling for student characteristics such as free lunch status, but the possibility remains of bias from unobserved variables such as motivation or family background.

It was one of those things that was annoying if you noticed it but subtle enough to go unobserved by most.

However, he says, the study is one of the first to account for unobserved characteristics and show evidence for a link between social activities and disaster preparedness, and suggests that further research is needed.

The Bible: Reforms begin when leaders, through a rigorous engagement with Scripture, perceive a truth that has gone unobserved by the church.

The advantages come at the price of concerns about the limited number of country observations, the mostly cross-sectional character of available achievement data, and possible bias from unobserved country factors such as culture.

Quantum mechanics says that while the cat remains unobserved in the box, it is simultaneously both dead and alive.

Do you really think the fact that waters are warmer and atmospheric moisture content is higher now due to man - made global warming (not to mention the «blocking high» over Greenland due to Arctic climate change) may be less of an influence on Hurricane Sandy than some other currently unobserved changes to our climate that occurred 3000 years ago?

The discovery of four new objects in a week indicates that Neptune and Pluto have plenty of hitherto unobserved company in the outer Solar System.

Always - D schools, in particular, are very similar to voucher - eligible and voucher - threatened schools in their initial test scores, student populations, and resources, as well as other unobserved factors for which we could not adjust the data.

Or it could be that a hitherto unobserved phenomenon is at work.

Finally, as in any study with missing outcome data, we can not exclude potential bias if missing values do depend on unobserved values (not missing at random).39

Le Verrier suggested the existence of a hitherto unobserved object whose gravitational pull was perturbing Uranus's orbit in precisely the way required to account for the anomalous observations.

Doing so is likely to reduce issues about unobserved variables, though the study acknowledges that it pays a price in terms of the representativeness of the findings.

If one uses the top of that variation, so that we only consider previously -(recently)- unobserved temperature regimes, one finds that we do nt return to the top of the previous range until about 1930, and there is only about 0.25 C «novel» early century warming.

The authors also investigate whether high - value - added teachers have benefited by being assigned students who would have made greater gains on standardized tests for unobserved reasons (such as family factors that can not be gleaned even from tax returns).

In other words, because the same teacher is sometimes observed with sampled boys and girls, we can assess whether gender interactions matter after adjusting for the teacher's unobserved traits.

With one gain score, it is possible to use models that control for observable background characteristics, but those models can not adjust for unobserved student characteristics (such as parental education or student commitment).

Well - funded borrower listings tend to attract more funding after we control for unobserved listing heterogeneity and payoff externalities.

Even after adjusting for observed demographic differences, researchers always wondered whether unobserved differences that were not being accounted for, such as parental motivation or the intellectual richness of home life, played a larger role than the schools themselves in causing differences in academic performance between public and private schools.

When Richard C. Lewontin and Stephen J. Gould in the 1970s derided the «Just «So» stories of the adaptationists, they were criticizing the ease with which unobserved genes for any trait whatever» whether physical or behavioral» could be posited, without any need to observe them.

She loves to travel to the most unobserved and forgotten sites by clicking a mouse on Google Earth, and in doing so she discovers abstract landscapes from the macro-perspective.

Discussion of the child's observed and unobserved behaviors and emotional responses at different developmental levels will be presented.

They were lucky, the new border lay only thirty or forty miles distant, and from thieving expeditions they knew how to travel unobserved along canals and tracks.

The study employs a fixed effects model which eliminates fixed unobserved differences across union covered and uncovered employees, such as personality variables, which the authors suspect explain negative associations between unionization and job satisfaction in previous studies: «Employees with a greater tendency to be dissatisfied are more likely to become unionized in the first place.

MESSENGER's lonely demise on the small, scorched planet closest to the sun went unobserved because the probe hit the side of the planet facing away from Earth, so ground - based telescopes were not able to capture the moment of impact.

Solar Explorations looks upwards through the forests and records the often unobserved moments of sunlight and shadows as the sun lights up the earth.

Unobserved skill differences between teachers and nonteachers, not a general salary bias against the teaching profession, make teacher salaries seem low.

The difficulty with estimates based on programs like Metco is that children who enter the program (and do not leave it) are likely to have higher unobserved ability or motivation.

Can you imagine some other unobserved things about the non-responders that might be true?

Our student - level regressions with PISA data exploit between - subject variation to overcome bias from unobserved country heterogeneity and control for parent skills to account for the persistence of skills across generations.

To account for the issue of selection bias and the potentially unobserved parent characteristics as the possible reason choice students appear to perform better in my first comparison, I next also accounted for the parent - related variables.

Cats are quite capable of leaving yards and returning completely unobserved by owners.

This is an archival, multi-platform project about the obscure, conceptual, art - rock, «tribute» band Vinny and the Verdudes, which uses multiple artistic techniques including photography, video, print media, artefact curation and performance in the service of creating a vivid portrait of a specific yet previously unobserved moment in history.

«Photographs can show us a world that exists virtually unobserved within conventional experience.»

The Bible is not written for the benefit of telling you how the universe works and how, supposedly, electrons (in quantum physics) will act as a wave when unobserved but as a particle when observed.