As for the geochemical data, it is based on Mg / Ca in foraminifera,
alkenone unsaturation in sediments and some sparse data from other techniques such as Ca isotopes, clumped isotopes and TEX86.
By contrast, polyunsaturated fats always have two or more
unsaturation spots, and more places where oxygen damage is especially likely.
With a total EFA content greater than 70 %, and a
total unsaturation of greater than 90 %, this is a cost - effective source of omega - 3, omega - 6, and omega - 9 fatty acids.
Tocotrienols have an isoprenoid tail with three
unsaturation points instead of the saturated phytol tail seen in tocopherols.29 30
Flax seed oil also contains the essential fatty acids linoleic acid (ω - 6) and oleic acid (ω - 9), with total EFA content greater than 70 %, and total
unsaturation greater than 90 %.
The one other thing I would add is that the Mg / Ca and alkenone
unsaturation records show quite clearly in the time domain that systematic glacial cooling occurred throughout the Pleistocene.
In chemical terms, monounsaturated fats are fats with only one «
unsaturation spot» where oxygen damage is especially likely.
CBT = cyclization ratio of branched tetraethers; MBT = methylation index of branched tetraethers; TEX86 = tetraether index of tetraethers consisting of 86 carbon atoms; Uk37 = 37, alkenone
unsaturation index.
That ¹ s a big change in ECS, and there is substantial evidence from two of the SST proxies — Mg / Ca, where a lot of my own work has focused, and
alkenone unsaturation — for LGM cooling of ~ 3 deg.
The more points of
unsaturation a fatty acid contains the higher the risk of rancidity.
The greater the degree of
unsaturation in a fatty acid (ie, the more double bonds in the fatty acid), the more vulnerable it is to lipid peroxidation (rancidity).
Since tocotrienols have both of these anti-oxidant options while tocopherols have only one, this fundamental structural difference may explain why the tocotrienols are the more potent antioxidants.29 Some researchers have also suggested that the presence of
unsaturations in their side chain render tocotrienols much more flexible than tocopherols, allowing for more efficient penetration into tissues that have saturated fatty layers such as the brain and liver.31